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Get the facts on Ebola
A fact (derived from the Latin factum, see below) is something that has really occurred or is actually the case.
You can't catch Ebola through air
Aerosol transmission has been defined as person-to-person transmission of pathogens through the air by means of inhalation of infectious particles. Particles up to 100 μm in size are considered inhalable (inspirable). These aerosolized particles are small enough to be inhaled into the oronasopharynx, with the smaller, respirable size ranges (eg, < 10 μm) penetrating deeper into the trachea and lung (Figure).
Here we show ZEBOV transmission from pigs to cynomolgus macaques without direct contact. Interestingly, transmission between macaques in similar housing conditions was never observed.
Infection, although occurring indirectly through body fluids, is strongly suspected to occur through airborne as well as skin contact transmission.
You can't catch Ebola through water
Because of Ebola’s fragility when separated from its host, bodily fluids flushed by an infected person would not contaminate the water supply. Researchers believe Ebola survives in water for only a matter of minutes. This is because water does not provide the same environment as our bodily fluids, which have higher salt concentrations. Once in water, the host cell will take in water in an attempt to equalize the osmotic pressure, causing the cells to swell and burst, thus killing the virus.
You can't catch Ebola through food in the U.S.
We found EBOV to be shed in a wide variety of bodily fluids during the acute phase of illness, including saliva, breast milk, stool, and tears. In most cases, the infected bodily fluid was not visibly contaminated by blood. Of particular concern is the frequent presence of EBOV in saliva early during the course of disease, where it could be transmitted to others through intimate contact and from sharing food, especially given the custom, in many parts of Africa, of eating with the hands from a common plate.
Ebola can only spread from contact with the blood or body fluids of a person or animal who is sick with or has died from Ebola.
Overall, Ebola virus socio-ecology systems have shown to be linked by direct and indirect transmission through contact with objects from patients. For example, the blood or secretions of an infected person or objects that have been contaminated with infected secretions can reach humans from a variety of hosts/sources
However, regarding IPC measures to be implemented during interviews for contact tracing and case finding in the community, the following principles should be kept in mind: 1) shaking hands should be avoided; 2) a distance of more than one metre (about 3 feet) should be maintained between interviewer and interviewee;3) PPE is not required if this distance is assured and when interviewing asymptomatic individuals (e.g., neither fever, nor diarrhoea, bleeding or vomiting) and provided there will be no contact with the environment, potentially contaminated with a possible/probable case;
Nineteen patients appeared to have been exposed while visiting someone with suspected EHF, although they did not provide care. Fourteen of the 19 reported touching the patient with suspected EHF; 5 reported that they had no physical contact. Although close contact while caring for an infected person was probably the major route of transmission in this and previous EHF outbreaks, the virus may have been transmitted by touch, droplet, airborne particle, or fomite; thus, expansion of the use of barrier techniques to include casual contacts might prevent or mitigate future epidemics.
America has the best doctors and public health infrastructure in the world and we are prepared to respond.
A survey by National Nurses United of some 400 nurses in more than 200 hospitals in 25 states found that more than half (60 percent) said their hospital is not prepared to handle patients with Ebola, and more than 80 percent said their hospital has not communicated to them any policy regarding potential admission of patients infected by Ebola.
Thirty-six percent say their hospitals do not have sufficient supplies — including face shields and fluid-resistant gowns — to care for an Ebola patient, according the report by National Nurses United, which surveyed more than 1,900 nurses in more than 750 facilities in 46 states.
The susceptibility to infection of arthropod taxa can be assessed by virus replication after intrathoracic inoculation of virus. Turell et al. [8] reported that EBO virus, subtype Reston (EBO-R), failed to replicate in Culex or Aedes mosquitoes and in Ornithodoros ticks.However, Kunz et al. [9] previously reported that MBG virus could persist in Aedes mosquitoes for 3 weeks or more, indicating that certain arthropods exposed towasp.Altho the virus could be transient or persistent carriers of infection.
Many potential blood-feeding arthropod vectors (phlebotomine flies, culicoids, ixodid ticks, mites, fleas, and wingless flies associated with bats) have not been tested by experimental inoculation.The susceptibility of insects used by humans or wild vertebrate reservoir hosts as a source of food (including termites, moths, and larvae [grubs]) also has not been explored. As will be discussed below, there has been recent speculation about the possible role of leafhoppers in filovirus ecology; therefore, experimental studies should determine the host range of EBO virus for plant-feeding bugs.
Geographic distribution
At least 4 genetic subtypes of EBO virus have been recognized: Zaire (EBO-Z), Côte d'Ivoire (EBO-CI) [34], Sudan (EBO-S) [35], and EBO-R. EBO-R was recovered in the Philippines [36] and from monkeys imported from the Philippines to the United States and Europe.
...
The occurrence of a distinct EBO virus subtype in the Philippines has important implications for filovirus ecology, since it implies that EBO group viruses may have been carried by migratory hosts at some point in their evolution.
Although dogs are susceptible to Ebola, the CDC concluded that "infected dogs are asymptomatic", meaning that they do not develop symptoms. During the early phase of their infection, however, they can spread the disease to humans and other animals through licking, biting, urine, and feces. However, the good news is that once the virus is cleared from the dog it is no longer contagious. Dogs do not die from Ebola infections.
Yet the largest study of the current outbreak found that in nearly 13% of "confirmed and probable" cases in Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea and elsewhere, those infected did not have fevers.
The study, sponsored by the World Health Organization and published online late last month by the New England Journal of Medicine, analyzed data on 3,343 confirmed and 667 probable cases of Ebola.
originally posted by: ikonoklast
We've been hearing lots of things from health authorities along the lines of someone not being tested for Ebola and instead being sent home because they did not have certain symptoms of Ebola and therefore Ebola was ruled out.
I think this is dangerous! It can result in people being sent home with Ebola because they didn't have some common symptom, and that can result in an epidemic spreading.
I saw this table of symptoms in the New England Journal of Medicine and thought it was worth repeating. This was published by the WHO Ebola Response Team and the percentages are from the current outbreak in Africa. I did flip all of the percentages except for one from what percentage of people do have a certain symptom to what percentage don't. I think it makes it more obvious how many cases might be missed because someone doesn't have a particular symptom.
12.9% did not have a fever (11.8% of those who died did not) - About 1 in 8 do NOT have a fever!
23.6% did not feel fatigue (23.6% of those who died did not) - About 1 out of 4 do NOT feel fatigue!
32.4% did not vomit (30.6% of those who died did not) - About 1 out of 3 do NOT vomit!
34.4% did not have diarrhea (31.7% of those who died did not) - Anout 1 out of 3 do NOT have diarrhea!
In addition:
35.5% did not have loss of appetite (36% of those who died did not)
46.6% did not have a headache (46.2% of those who died did not)
55.7% did not have abdominal pain (56.5% of those who died did not)
60.6% did not have joint pain (59.3% of those who died did not
61.1% did not have muscle pain (59.8% of those who died did not)
63.0% did not have chest pain (59.8% of those who died did not
79.2% did not have conjunctivitis (red Ebola eyes) (76.4% of those who died did not)
82.0% did not have unexplained bleeding (79.8% of those who died did not)
92.3% did not have eye pain (91.1% of those who died did not)
This is the one percentage I didn't flip. When someone tells you that Ebola patients do not cough or sneeze so you won't catch it from droplets aerosolized in the air from an Ebola patient coughing, you can now cite this statistic:
29.6% of Ebola patients DO cough. And 32.5% of people who died from Ebola did cough. So about 1 out of 3 cough.
There is much more, including an expanded table of these symptoms here:
SOURCE: NEJM - Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa — The First 9 Months of the Epidemic and Forward Projections
originally posted by: jadedANDcynical
a reply to: jadedANDcynical
continuing
Finally we have:
America has the best doctors and public health infrastructure in the world and we are prepared to respond.
The above statement is completely subjective and demonstrably false when one considers the details of how our "public health infrastructure" has handled the first confirmed case of Ebola in our country and the fact that a nurse who followed the protocols set forth by the same authority which published the referenced graphic has also contracted the disease.
Are we really fully prepared to respond?
Should all air travel out of the affected region be banned?
While some members of Congress have called for a complete ban, officials in the health care field say that would be counterproductive. Flights from the three international airports in the hot zone have already slowed to a trickle, Gendreau says. “Travel is really down, but if you shut it down completely, the people who need to be there [to fight the disease] can’t get in." Above all, the public needs to keep this in context, he says. The Ebola outbreak “has been going on since March and flights weren’t curtailed until more than five months later. “You have had half a year of this and you can count on your hands the people who have gotten it outside of West Africa,” he says. [Source]
originally posted by: PlanetXisHERE
Great thread OP!
The CIDRAP article on the airborne potential of Ebola is the best I have seen so far:
www.abovetopsecret.com...
I'm fairly sure there are no mosquito vectors at this point, or the disease would be already more widespread, isn't human transmission and mosquito transmission mutually exclusive? I have never seen any disease that is contagious and can be spread by mosquitos.
-ZH/CIDRAP
We believe there is scientific and epidemiologic evidence that Ebola virus has the potential to be transmitted via infectious aerosol particles both near and at a distance from infected patients, which means that healthcare workers should be wearing respirators, not facemasks.
12.9% did not have a fever (11.8% of those who died did not) - About 1 in 8 do NOT have a fever!
23.6% did not feel fatigue (23.6% of those who died did not) - About 1 out of 4 do NOT feel fatigue!
32.4% did not vomit (30.6% of those who died did not) - About 1 out of 3 do NOT vomit!
34.4% did not have diarrhea (31.7% of those who died did not) - Anout 1 out of 3 do NOT have diarrhea!
In addition:
35.5% did not have loss of appetite (36% of those who died did not)
46.6% did not have a headache (46.2% of those who died did not)
55.7% did not have abdominal pain (56.5% of those who died did not)
60.6% did not have joint pain (59.3% of those who died did not
61.1% did not have muscle pain (59.8% of those who died did not)
63.0% did not have chest pain (59.8% of those who died did not
79.2% did not have conjunctivitis (red Ebola eyes) (76.4% of those who died did not)
82.0% did not have unexplained bleeding (79.8% of those who died did not)
92.3% did not have eye pain (91.1% of those who died did not)
This is the one percentage I didn't flip. When someone tells you that Ebola patients do not cough or sneeze so you won't catch it from droplets aerosolized in the air from an Ebola patient coughing, you can now cite this statistic:
29.6% of Ebola patients DO cough. And 32.5% of people who died from Ebola did cough. So about 1 out of 3 cough.
There is much more, including an expanded table of these symptoms here:
SOURCE: NEJM - Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa — The First 9 Months of the Epidemic and Forward Projections
Just exactly what is it we need to watch for when all of the "classic symptoms" do not even present in a substantial percentage of cases?
By affixing nanoscale gold spheres onto a microscopic bead of glass, researchers have created a super-sensor that can detect even single samples of the smallest known viruses.
The sensor uses a peculiar behavior of light known as "whispering gallery mode," named after the famous circular gallery in St. Paul's Cathedral in London, where a whisper near the wall can be heard around the gallery.
In a similar way, waves of light are sent whirling around the inside of a small glass bead, resonating at a specific frequency. Just as a small object on a vibrating violin string can change its frequency -- ever so slightly -- so too can a virus landing on the sensor change the resonant frequency of the light. With the initial glass sphere, researchers were able to detect changes in frequency from viruses about the size of influenza, a relatively large virus.
This hybrid sensor not only detected the presence of the MS2 virus -- the current light-weight in the world of RNA viruses -- it also was able to determine the weight of the virus by measuring the precise frequency change of the light.
Table 1. Transport temperature requirements of food products [2]
Chilled products Temperature
(
oC)
Fresh fish (in ice), crustaceans and shellfish (excluding live ones) +2
Cooked dishes and prepared foods, pastry creams, fresh pastries,
sweet dishes and egg products
+3
Meat and cooked meats pre-packaged for consumer use +3
Offal +3
Poultry, rabbit and gane +4
Non-sterilized, untreated, unpasteurised or fermented milk, fresh
cream, cottage cheese and curd
+3
Milk for industrial processing +6
Cooked meats other than those which have been salted, smoked,
dried or sterilized
+6
Frozen Products Temperature
(°C)
Ice and ice cream -25
Deep frozen foods -18
Fishery products -18
Butter and edible fats, including cream to be used for butter making -14
Egg products, offal, rabbit, poultry and game -12
Meat -10
ebola temperature survival
SURVIVAL OUTSIDE HOST: Filoviruses have been reported capable to survive for weeks in blood and can also survive on contaminated surfaces, particularly at low temperatures (4°C) Footnote 52 Footnote 61. One study could not recover any Ebolavirus from experimentally contaminated surfaces (plastic, metal or glass) at room temperature Footnote 61. In another study, Ebolavirus dried onto glass, polymeric silicone rubber, or painted aluminum alloy is able to survive in the dark for several hours under ambient conditions (between 20 and 250C and 30–40% relative humidity) (amount of virus reduced to 37% after 15.4 hours), but is less stable than some other viral hemorrhagic fevers (Lassa) Footnote 53. When dried in tissue culture media onto glass and stored at 4 °C, Zaire ebolavirus survived for over 50 days Footnote 61.
originally posted by: PlanetXisHERE
I have never seen any disease that is contagious and can be spread by mosquitos.