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The twelve-alarm fire burned for 18 hours. The extreme heat caused window glass and frames to melt and concrete floor slabs and steel beams to buckle and sag dramatically. Large shards of window glass fell from the facade, cutting through fire hoses on the ground around the building. Three firefighters were trapped on a fully engulfed floor, and efforts to rescue them failed
The fire would not yield and there were increasing concerns about the stability of the structure. Fire officials called off the attack and allowed the fire to "free burn," concentrating their efforts on containing the fire to this building.
When the fire reached the 30th floor, a tenant-installed fire-sprinkler system was activated, and the worst high-rise fire in U.S. history was finally brought under control
Efforts to stabilize the structure and the facade began immediately and continued for six months. Over 2,000 steel poles were installed to shore the burned-out floors and to brace the steel girders supporting the concrete slab.
One Meridian Plaza's glass and granite facade consisted of granite-faced precast concrete spandrel panels, 8 in. thick granite column covers, and 4 in. thick splayed corner panels, surrounding 16 ft wide windows. SGH's investigation focused on the nine floors most affected by the fire by dividing the scope into three discrete yet interrelated pieces (windows, granite panels, and spandrel connections) the fire's dynamic effects can be discerned.
Although the cracking of the granite facing was pervasive, the granite generally held to the building. During the fire, many of the structural connections between the precast concrete spandrel panels and the building's steel frame had failed; typically by cracking or spalling of the concrete at the connection. In the one location where the structural connection of precast panel to the structural steel frame did fail, a seven-ton panel fell, landing on a roof below. The result was extremely sobering. It was fortunate other panels with broken connections did not fall from the facade.
At the broken connections, some of the spandrel panels shifted outward approximately 1 in. from the plane of the building. What pushed the panels outward? In many areas with failed connections, the edge of the concrete floor slab was in contact with the interior surface of the spandrel panel, and the slab was crushed around the exterior steel column. The concrete floor slab became very hot during the fire. On the 23rd floor, a firefighter reported that the carpet backing had melted and the wood nailing strip glowed red. The temperature of the slab rose faster than the fireproofed building frame. Consequently, the slab expanded more than the frame, closing the gap between the edge of the slab and the back of the spandrel panel. In moving outward, the slab crushed itself around the exterior columns. Eventually, the expanding slab pushed the spandrel panel outward, breaking the panel connections.
Originally posted by billybob
the sattelite thermographs of the molten steel in the debris pile pretty well proves it. .
Originally posted by Drew Da General
There was definitely bombs in the towers.The collapse was too perfect.How could people buy that fire melted the steel theory?
Originally posted by Drew Da General
Are they blind,did they not see all the fuel burn up on the outside of the south tower?.
Originally posted by Drew Da General
And the south tower fell first.I hate people that dont examine all the facts.
Originally posted by Drew Da General
I was really shocked when i saw the towers fall.I was only expecting the top of the building to fall off.
Originally posted by twitchy
Given the collapses roughly nine seconds each to take place, then you look at the seismic readings, how in the world do you get that the greatest point of energy did not come from the beginning of the collapse? If you take a real good look at the data you present clearly shows the largest seismic readings are not from the impact of the debris. Let me simplify, if you look at teh squiggly lines, the biggest squiggly lines are at the front of the readings. You really should start looking at the seismic readings from other controlled demolitions in similar environments and I think you will find the similarities, or if you like I can point them out for you.
. . . .
and trying to say that the seismic data supports the official story line when it clearly does not. The seismic data shows that the falling debris didn't read nearly as high when the debris hit the ground as it did when the collapse began.
Originally posted by billybob
TWELVE ALARM fire burning for EIGHTEEN HOURS. and the building DIDN'T fall. good example, howard.
masonry or no masonry, there is a HUGE difference between the heat generated there, and the smoldering embers and small fires(as described by the firemen in there) of the aftermath of the collision.
Originally posted by billybob
howard gets his avatar name from an anne raynd novel in which a visionary architect(howard roark) BOMBS HIS OWN BUILDING because the blueprint has been bastardised by suits(you know, execs who have to add there two cents to everything just for the sake of getting their name on it?). our howard certainly has the knowhow to 'pull' the same thing.
Originally posted by HowardRoark
They are the same, the scales have been changed, but they are the same. Is it your contention that this is actually aseismic trace from an explosion?
If this is your claim, then you have to explain how the seismologists misinterpreted the data. Also, if this is your claim, then you have to account for the all of the gravitational energy from the falling mass. Where did that go?
Originally posted by HowardRoark
While steel framed buildings generally do well in extreme fire conditions, they are not immune to structural damage. There are several instances of the partial collapse of steel structures due to fire.
Pointing to the Meridian Plaza fire in Philadelphia in 1991, Hufschmid
writes, "The Meridian Plaza fire was extreme, but it did not cause the
building to collapse. The fire in the South Tower seems insignificant by
comparison to both the Meridian Plaza fire and the fire in the North Tower.
How could the tiny fire in the South Tower cause the entire structure to
shatter into dust after 56 minutes while much more extreme fires did not
cause the Meridian Plaza building to even crack into two pieces?"
Originally posted by HowardRoark
As for WTC7, you simply do not know the extent of the structural damage to the building form the collapse of the adjacent towers. The building might have been hit by falling debris, like the Bankers Trust building. Or it might be something as simple as a resonance with the ground shaking caused by the tower collapses.
Originally posted by HowardRoark
You missed my point entirely. That is, to compare the response of any two buildings to fire is like comparing apples to oranges.
Originally posted by HowardRoark
The fire started on the 22nd floor of OMP and worked upward. In WTC 7 the fires started at numerous points as the building was impacted by flaming debris from the tower collapse.
In WTC 7, the heaviest fire was located on the 6th floor.
The fuel load of the WTC 7 building was probably supplemented fy diesel fuel associated with the emergency generator system. For the towers, obviously the jet fuel had a significant impact.
Originally posted by HowardRoark
Originally posted by billybob
the sattelite thermographs of the molten steel in the debris pile pretty well proves it. .
Again, you are jumping to conclusions that are not supported by the data.
Yes there were hot spots in the rubble, so what.
You have no data to support your contention that these hot spots were caused by �molten steel.� The pre collapse fires and the collapse of the buildings themselves liberated a huge amount of energy. Additionally you have no data to support that there was �molten steel� anywhere. Molten metal, I will accept. But, remember, molten metal could be aluminum, copper, or even a eutectic mixture of some sort.
Peter Tully, president of Tully Construction of Flushing, N.Y., told AFP that he saw pools of "literally molten steel" at the World Trade Center.
Tully was contracted after the Sept. 11 tragedy to re move the debris from the site.
Tully called Mark Loizeaux, president of Controlled Demolition, Inc. (CDI) of Phoenix, Md., for consultation about removing the debris. CDI calls itself "the innovator and global leader in the controlled demolition and implosion of structures."
Loizeaux, who cleaned up the bombed Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, arrived at the WTC site two days later and wrote the clean-up plan for the entire operation.
AFP asked Loizeaux about the report of molten steel on the site.
"Yes," he said, "hot spots of molten steel in the basements."
These incredibly hot areas were found "at the bottoms of the elevator shafts of the main towers, down seven [basement] levels," Loizeaux said.
The molten steel was found "three, four, and five weeks later, when the rubble was being removed," Loizeaux said. He said molten steel was also found at 7 WTC, which collapsed mysteriously in the late afternoon....
The hottest spots at the surface of the rubble, where abundant oxygen was available, were much cooler than the molten steel found in the basements.
Five days after the collapse, on Sept. 16, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) used an Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) to locate and measure the site's hot spots.
Dozens of hot spots were mapped, the hottest being in the east corner of the South Tower where a temperature of 1,377 degrees F was recorded.
This is, however, less than half as hot at the molten steel in the basement.
Steel will do all kinds of �tricks,� but melting requires the basic melting temperature � or greater. To obtain the melting temperature for steel - not iron - one needs the external temperature of approximately 2,900 degrees (F) with enough time for the metal to convert from a solid to a liquid. The process can be accelerated, but only with a much higher temperature � such as Thermite � approximately 5,400 degrees (F). That's almost twice the needed heat. All the pooled jet fuel in the world won't burn hot enough to produce molten steel - under any conditions.
Relative to the 'temperature' argument, the imagery of the WTC does NOT reveal the aluminum siding of the WTC towers deforming. Thus, given the constant exposure - over time - to any escaping heat, it is difficult to imagine the fires being so hot as to cause either catastrophic or abrupt damage to the WTC vertical support structure. None of the images of the outer steel structure show the otherwise expected red-hot glow. All images show the outer shell mechanically destroyed, versus collapsing from thermal cause. Given the mechanics of the heat escape, the outer columns were the most vulnerable to heat damage. No matter what fire dynamics were going on within the building, the heat escape was almost exclusively - and constantly - around the outer columns. Hence, given both time and temperature, the outer columns should have been the structural 'weak-link.'
According to an article about Controlled Demolition Inc.'s "controlled progressive collapse" of the Biltmore Hotel in McGraw-Hill's Construction Weekly on October 20, 1977, " When it fell, the 245-ft-high structure became the tallest steel-framed building to be demolished with explosives." This demolition is visually very similar to the "collapses" of both the North and South Towers of the World Trade Center.
The Twin Towers were 110 stories high each and were also extremely strong steel framed structures. It is a matter of public record that Controlled Demolition, Inc. was hired to dispose of the remains of the Twin Towers and that CDI (Controlled Demolition, Inc.) is the world's leader in controlled demolition. It is also a matter of public record that CDI did the demolition and cleanup of the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City after the tragic multiple bomb bombing of that building in 1995. In the case of the Murrah Federal Building, the rubble was taken to an isolated spot in the desert, buried, and surrounded by fencing and security guards.
Since the controlled demolition of the Biltmore Hotel, so strongly resembles that of each of the Twin Towers and since the Biltmore Hotel was made of similar construction materials as those used in the construction of the Twin Towers it may be useful to examine how the Biltmore was demolished.
The 1977 article goes on to say, "CDI placed 991 seperate charges, about 800 lbs. of explosives in all, on seven floors from the basement to the 14th floor and detonated them over a five-second interval. CDI's detonation sequence aimed to drop the building in a southerly direction in what is called a controlled progressive collapse in order to lay out the demolished structure to ease removal of debris."...
The tower that was hit second collapsed first, that is, the South Tower was progressively demolished 56 minutes after flight 175 was flown into it's corner, while the North Tower was progressively collapsed 1 hour and 44 minutes after being hit directly by flight 11. The fire in the North Tower, which is alleged to have lead to it's collapse in whole or in part, was more intense than in the South Tower for which fire was also alleged to have been the cause or one of the causes of collapse.
Neither jet fuel nor office furniture and building materials could have produced temperatures high enough (1538oC, i.e. 2800oF) to melt or collapse the massive steel beams and trusses in the World Trade Center towers. Especially strong were the enormous core-columns in the center of the towers near the elavator shafts. Fire has never in history caused the collapse of a steel-framed building and there have been many fires in steel framed buildings that were much more intense and which burned much longer than those in the Twin Towers. Fire did not and could not have caused the Twin Towers or any other building's concrete to spontaneously explode into a fine powder nor could fire have caused steel beams to be broken and propelled hundreds of feets horizontally.
Since the fire theory was exposed as laugh-out-loud stupid another pseudo-explanation has emerged. Now we are being told that perhaps a combination of the impact of the airplanes, the fires, and the incompetence of the architecture of the Twin Towers lead to their demise. There are a number of huge problems with this idiotic explanation.
1. The World Trade Center was made with some of the largest, strongest fire-retardant steel beams of any building in history.
2. If the Twin Towers had collapsed due to unsemetrical impact and unsemetrical fires then the collapses of the Twin Towers would not have been semetrical they would have been messy, partial, incomplete, and much more dangerous to people, structures, and equiptment in the surrounding area as they would have either sheared off vertically or buckled and toppled onto the surrounding buildings and people. Instead they collapsed completely and vertically, aside from the fractured steel and other solid debris that was propelled, at high speeds, horizontally, hundreds of feet in all directions and the huge clouds of powderized concrete which were propelled thousands of feet in all directions, down the streets and avenues of Lower Manhattan.
3. As anyone can plainly see from any and all photos and/or videos of the destruction of the World Trade Center, the Twin Towers did not fall apart and fall down they each exploded in a progressive wave from their upper floors and near their impact zones downward toward their basements.
4. World Trade Center Building 7 collapsed in the manner of a conventional implosion style controlled demolition at 5:20 PM on September 11th 2001. Building 7 was also a steel-framed building bringing the number of steel-framed buildings that have collapsed allegedly due to fire to a grand total of three. That's only three steel-framed buildings that have allegedly collapsed due to fire throughout history and they all collapsed on the same day in the same part of town in the same city. Are you really stupid enough to believe that that is even remotely possible?
5. The Twin Towers each fell at roughly the rate of free fall. That is, they each fell at about the same speed that an object would if it were dropped from the roof of either of the Twin Towers. In the case of each Twin Tower, within 15 seconds there was nothing left to collapse. They fell as though there were no floors below the collapsing section to "pancake" onto, as though there was no resistance to the progressive collapse, but air. The only way this is possible is if the floors were destroyed progressively before the mass above them could meet their resistance. A "controlled progressive collapse" similar to the one used by CDI to destroy the Biltmore Hotel best explains the lack of any resistance to the force of gravity.
6. Seismographs show "spikes" or "mini earthquakes" at the beginnings of each of the Twin Towers' collapses, but not at the end when the rubble hit the ground. It is logical that there were no "spikes" at the end of the collapses as steel beams alone probably would not shake the earth enough to significantly register on a seismograph. Also, since everything but the steel had been blown to bits and most of the concrete was now a fine atomized dust there probably was nothing else that could have caused a "mini earthquake" at the end of the fifteen second collapse intervals. However, it is also perfectly logical that there would be "spikes" on the seismographs at the beginning of each tower's collapse due to the detonation of explosives.
7. A number of office workers, firemen, and people in the surrounding area are on record that they heard bombs going off before and during the collapses.
Originally posted by HowardRoark
The fire did not melt the steel. The only ones claiming that there was melted steel are the supporters of the bomb/thermite theory. The heat from the fire caused the structural steel to weaken and lose strength.
Originally posted by HowardRoark
Most estimates put the fuel load on the planes at about 10,000 gallons. At 42MJ/kg, this means that the combustion of the 10,000 gallons of kerosene released 1.2 million Btu.
And you say that all of that energy was released in just a few minutes?
Originally posted by HowardRoark
And I hate it when people don�t bother to try to understand some simple principles of science and engineering before they jump to conclusions.
In order for that to happen the center of gravity of the top of the building would have had to have shifted 100 feet over. The structure was not designed to withstand that type of deformation and it would have collapsed long before it reached that point.
Originally posted by HowardRoark
Why do you keep insisting that the seismic data shows something that it does not? The big spike is the impact, the vibrations following the impact are echos and reverberations.
Originally posted by HowardRoark
Let's look at it this way.
What was the response of the bedrock substrate as the collapse began?
Let's think about this for a moment. First you have an intact building. then the top part of the structure fails. The falling debris literally rips through the lower structure. the falling debris pushed the exterior columns out, disconnecting the floor slabs, which then add to the falling mass, and the interior columns are unable to bear the exponential increase in loading as they too are distorted, bent and twisted. then the falling mass hits the ground, crashed through to the basement, then finally comes to a stop a split second before the upper portions of the building crush down on top.
But what is happening at each of these steps? First, the columns will begin shifting thier loads prior to the start of the runaway failure, this undoubtedly would have started some vibrations in the substructure. These would have been faint and it is unlikely that they would have been picked up by the seismograph.
There is currently research to develop detectors that can monitor these vibrations in a fire situation.
Once the runaway failure began, what is the substrate response? Well as strange as it seems, when the collapse started, the loading on the base of the tower was reduced, (because the load was now in free fall). Thus, the bedrock would have begun to rebound.
Think of it this way. let's say that you are standing on a trampoline with someone standing on your shoulders. The person on your shoulders falls off. in the seconds before he hits the trampoline, your weight is the only weight on it, not two peole, thus the trampoline will push you up as your partner is coming down. Then, obviously, when he hits, there is a quick downward jolt, then vibrations up and down. (OK, it is a simplified model, but you should get the picture of what I am talking about.)
Some people think that there should have been intermediate shocks as the collapsing mass hit each floor, It is possible that this happened to a very slight degree, but not to the extent that they imagine. This is because, as the top of the building fell downward, it pushed the exterior column assemblies outward, the one direction in which they were the least able to resist force, especially since it did not push the floor slab outward at the same time. The building literally peeled apart like a banana.
The bulk of the impact would have occurred as the falling mass hit the ground. That is what caused that huge spike on the time compressed seismic graph. That is what you are claiming is an "explosive event." You are wrong.
If you are still unable to grasp why this is, consider the energy involved. According to the Columbia paper, only a small fraction of the potential energy was converted to ground motion. they have based this on the total energy that they measured from the seismograph readings. If you are claiming that the majority of the energy was in fact some sort of explosive event, then what happened to the enormous potential energy of the towers when they collapsed? This just didn't go away. You have to account for it. You have not and you can not.
Originally posted by twitchy
Originally posted by HowardRoark
They are the same, the scales have been changed, but they are the same. Is it your contention that this is actually aseismic trace from an explosion?
If this is your claim, then you have to explain how the seismologists misinterpreted the data. Also, if this is your claim, then you have to account for the all of the gravitational energy from the falling mass. Where did that go?
One Big anamolous spike as the disaster begins is not indicative of anything to you?!? The falling mass failed to register as high of a reading subterrainian as the supporting columns no longer supported the mass, because they had been severed by your incredibly hot steel cloumn melting carpet and kerosene fire huh? The only one misinterpreting the seismic data is you.
And now your trying to say the impact of the aircraft caused the greatest seismic activity after just arguing in a prior post about how the truck bomb didn't even register?
Originally posted by HowardRoark
First, the columns will begin shifting thier loads prior to the start of the runaway failure, this undoubtedly would have started some vibrations in the substructure. These would have been faint and it is unlikely that they would have been picked up by the seismograph.
There is currently research to develop detectors that can monitor these vibrations in a fire situation.
Originally posted by twitchy
federallabs.org eh? lol, yeah I'm sure that would be a great place to look for evidence damning the US Government.