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Typical detonation velocities of thermobaric explosives are in the order of 3–4 km/s.
The term “Thermobaric” is derived from two Greek words – 'Thermos' (means Temperature) and 'Baros' (means Pressure)As the name implies Thermobaric warheads are optimized for combined effect of heat and pressure on the target
The proposed thermobaric and burster charge compositions are for preliminary study which can be further fine tuned to maximize the warhead performance.
Also, if you can "muffle" cutter charges so well, why is this not being used, say, EVERYWHERE in the demolition industry?
Plus, you'd need a LOT of fog to be able to muffle a cutter charge.
Now those are for FAE's...
Real TB's detonation velocities are five times faster, at least.
The term “Thermobaric” is derived from two Greek words – 'Thermos' (means Temperature) and 'Baros' (means Pressure)As the name implies Thermobaric warheads are optimized for combined effect of heat and pressure on the target
Now that's not true. The -baric part implies the pressure of the second, third or next stage's exploding tiny HE charge, that can be dialed / set to a preset value, that will deliver a certain static charge to the first or next stage's cloud when it compresses the bottom piezoelectric layers.
Thermobaric explosives (also known as fuel-air explosives) were originally invented by the US military during the Vietnam War. Whereas conventional explosives kill and destroy through direct explosive force and fragmentation, thermobarics also create a large amount of shock wave pressure and heat, and consume all of the oxygen in the area of the explosion.
My videos of smoke at the base are not the ones you seem to view.
I completely clearly showed you the Siegel video's, and there you see the huge steam clouds rising from the base of the Towers, at least to the first twenty to thirty floors up, at the moment you hear the first low frequency sound through the camera microphone from his camera, standing firmly on that Pier, that itself is standing on numerous poles in the Hudson River on the opposite side of Manhattan, on a tripod.
SIMPLISTIC TEXT : Thermobaric explosives (also known as fuel-air explosives) were originally invented by the US military during the Vietnam War. Whereas conventional explosives kill and destroy through direct explosive force and fragmentation, thermobarics also create a large amount of shock wave pressure and heat, and consume all of the oxygen in the area of the explosion. For the US military in Vietnam, as well as the Russian military in Afghanistan and Chechnya, these effects made thermobaric explosives effective for destroying buildings, and for killing people in tunnels and other enclosed spaces. As explained in a report by Human Rights Watch, “FAEs [fuel-air explosives] are more powerful than conventional high-explosive munitions of comparable size, are more likely to kill and injure people in bunkers, shelters, and caves, and kill and injure in a particularly brutal manner over a wide area.“
Thermobaric, or fuel-air energy (FAE), explosives work in two stages. The shell, or container, is burst open to spread the combustion agent as a fine aerosol, then this is ignited, creating an over-pressure blast wave traveling at 3000 meters per second, and burning all available oxygen in the process.
The Global Security website describes the effect of a thermobaric bomb:
Those near the ignition point are obliterated. Those at the fringe are likely to suffer many internal, and thus invisible injuries, including burst eardrums and crushed inner ear organs, severe concussions, ruptured lungs and internal organs, and possibly blindness. The destruction, death and injury are caused by the blast wave.
Enhanced performance is achieved by adding excess metals to the explosive composition, aluminum and magnesium being the metals of choice.
A report on the Defense Technology website says that, instead of shrapnel/fragment injuries, a thermobaric device produces blast effects. “Each tissue type, when interacting with the blast wave, is compressed, stretched, sheared or disintegrated by overload according to its material properties. Internal organs that contain air (sinuses, ears, lungs and intestines) are particularly vulnerable to blast.”
Hybrid Energetic Materials System,FA8651-10-M-0264,DOD,OSD,SBIR,2010,1,99250.00,Gunger Engineering LLC,207 Crystal Ct.,,Niceville,FL,32578,No,No,No,Michael Gunger,President,8508656137,[email protected],Michael Gunger,President,8508656137,[email protected],"Nano-energetics / hybrid energetic systems have been under development for decades with only one weapon system explicitley incorporating these materials, the Thermobaric Hellfire warhead, with a solid FAE surround. There have been other implementations but these are primarily in the areas of warhead defeat, such as occurs during EOD operations. Hybrid Energetic systems offer significantly more energy on target and more control over the delivery rate. They also potentially offer Insensitive Munitions advantages. In general, for a material to be weaponized, it must be evaluated under standard JMEM procedures and be shown to be advantageous to the warfighter. In addition, it must be predictable in response, if must be capable of being modeled and it must meet shelf life/storage requirements. This proposal seeks to address the weaponization requirements and develop,ultimately, a weapon/weaponization approach, using a hybrid energetic system, which will demonstrate not only the applicability of the materials to the battlespace but will also develop a methodology for similar systems in the future."
New Energetic Solid Propellant Ingredients,N68335-11-C-0197,DOD,NAVY,STTR,2011,2,499763.00,"MACH I, INC.",340 East Church Road,,King of Prussia,PA,19406-,No,No,No,Bernie Kosowski,Principal Inv,(610) 279-2340,[email protected],Bernie Kosowski,,(610) 279-2340,[email protected],"MACH I Inc. propose to extend the technology developed under a previous Phase II STTR. This new technology will transition the demonstrated performance advantages to a commercial system, the Joint Multiple Effects Warhead System (JMEWS) warhead for integration into a Block IV Tomahawk warhead system. Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) is prepared to develop and commercialize the proposed technology in a Tomahawk weapon system. MACH I will be the prime small business contractor under the proposed STTR. Sandia National Lab will be the STTR partner. NAMMO Talley will evaluate thermobaric formulations. Boron has great potential as an energetic component in munitions and propellants with the highest energy density (59 kilojoules/gram) of all practical metal fuels. It is difficult to realize this potential due to ignition and combustion issues. The ignition temperature is 2000 K and a molten oxide surface layer forms inhibiting combustion rate and combustion completion. In the prior work, ignition temperature was reduced to 1000 K, combustion rate increased by 46%, while maintaining 97% of boron's delivered energy. Compared to aluminum in a standard thermobaric formulation, Magnesium 1 part and Boron 9 parts gave a 21% increase in thermal output and an 18% increase in pressure impulse, with no increase in munition sensitivity."
New Thermobaric Effects for Lethality Enhancement,W91260-09-C-0004,DOD,ARMY,SBIR,2009,2,730000.00,"GENERAL SCIENCES, INC.",205 Schoolhouse Road,,Souderton,PA,18964 2416,No,No,No,Evelyn Downs,Contracts Manager,2157238588,[email protected],Peter Zavitsanos,President,2157238588,[email protected],The proposed effort addresses new concepts in terms of exploiting the thermobaric effect (increase of temperature and pressure ) using variations of reactive materials which maximize energy release and gaseous by-products during impacts of low velocity
New Thermobaric Materials and Weapon Concepts,HDTRA1-06-P-0089,DOD,DTRA,SBIR,2006,1,100000.00,"GENERAL SCIENCES, INC.",205 Schoolhouse Road,,Souderton,PA,18964 2416,No,No,No,Peter D. Zavitsanos,President,2157238588,[email protected],Anthony Rozanski,Principal Investigator,2157238588,[email protected],"Improvements in configuration of potential thermobaric warheads are presented. Such improvements in configuration will allow faster mixing rates, resulting in a reduction in total reaction time. Higher reaction rates, and lower reaction times lead to more complete reaction of thermobaric fuels, which will cause thermobaric weapons to better engage enclosed targets and cause more extensive damage than current configurations. Early work by these investigators suggests that a fraction of highly energetic thermobaric fuel can be ignited by an explosive shock and release its energy in a time period consistent with conditions required for increased peak pressure and impulse. The exploitation of this finding in terms of enhancing the reaction rates (both intrinsic and air combustion) through improved mixing techniques is the main objective of this program. Two approaches will be examined. The first approach will consist of a star shaped explosive core which will produce explosive jets, to enhance the mixing effect. The second approach will utilize alternating sections of reactive materials, one of lower density and one of higher density. The density mismatch will set up velocity gradients, resulting in a turbulent mixing of both reactive material components, as well as trapping the available air within the reaction zone."
New Thermobarics,HDTRA1-05-P-0023,DOD,DTRA,SBIR,2005,1,99998.00,"GENERAL SCIENCES, INC.",205 Schoolhouse Road,,Souderton,PA,18964 2416,No,No,No,Peter D. Zavitsanos,President,2157238588,[email protected],Anthony Rozanski,Principal Investigator,2157238588,[email protected],"Improvements and refinements in formulation and configuration of current thermobarics are presented. Improvements in formulation allow for faster reaction rates and more complete reaction, releasing a greater percentage of available energy at early times and close to the HE detonation step. Furthermore, improvements in configuration will allow faster mixing rates, resulting in a reduction in total reaction time. Higher reaction rates, and lower reaction times lead to more complete reaction of the thermobaric fuels, which will cause thermobaric weapons to better engage enclosed targets and cause more extensive damage than current formulations and configurations. The proposed effort is based on the most exothermic solid fuels and combinations derived from thermochemical considerations as well as an extensive amount of experimental data and practical knowledge. Early work by these investigators suggests that a fraction of highly energetic thermobaric fuel can be ignited by an explosive shock and release its energy in a time period consistent with conditions required for increased peak pressure and impulse. The exploitation of this finding in terms of enhancing the reaction rates (both intrinsic and air combustion) is the main objective of this program."
Multipurpose Reactive Materials,W911QX-05-C-0028,DOD,ARMY,SBIR,2005,1,119995.00,"GENERAL SCIENCES, INC.",205 Schoolhouse Road,,Souderton,PA,18964 2416,No,No,No,Peter D. Zavitsanos,President,2157238588,[email protected],Anthony Rozanski,Principal Investigator,2157238588,[email protected],"Next generation energy rich materials are under development for both military and civilian uses. These materials are non-explosive (they do not detonate) and are generally referred to as ""Reactive Materials"". Reactive materials are being developed in conjunction with, or independent of, classical explosives; reactive materials serve as blast enhancers for thermobaric explosives, reactive fragments cause enhanced lethality damage to missiles and enclosed systems when compared to inert kinetic energy penetrators, produce high temperature, structurally conforming fireballs for the defeat of biological and chemical agents, allow the destruction of land mines without causing damaging detonation, produce reactive shape charge liners for defeat of concrete and armor targets, as well as providing ""stealth"" defeat of electronic equipment and other applications, currently under development, to benefit both defense and research. General Sciences with guidance from the U.S. Army will develop technology and applications, specifically suited to low velocity, close to the ground encounters and targets of interest to the U.S. Army. Several tasks are proposed in order to demonstrate the suitability of GSI technology in meeting the needs of the Army for new reactive materials and warhead concepts and to develop a test plan to transition into larger scale tests in a second phase."
Practical Ionospheric Enhancement Technology,FA8718-05-C-0037,DOD,USAF,SBIR,2005,1,99992.00,"GENERAL SCIENCES, INC.",205 Schoolhouse Road,,Souderton,PA,18964 2416,No,No,No,Evelyn C. Downs,Contracts Manager,2157238588,[email protected],Peter D. Zavitsanos,Principal Investigator,2157238588,[email protected],"The main objective of the proposed program is to develop highly exothermic compositions capable of generating temperatures up to 4,000 K in order to achieve significant vaporization of certain metals, with boiling points in excess of 3,000 K, which are capable of generating ionization in the presence of atomic oxygen. Laboratory studies are proposed to show proof-of-concept and derive vaporization yields for at least two such metals. Part of the laboratory study will include metal atom emission measurements, and canister design for 500g releases as well as potential atmospheric releases in the 10 kg size."
Multipurpose Reactive Materials,W911QX-06-C-0033,DOD,ARMY,SBIR,2005,2,646882.00,"GENERAL SCIENCES, INC.",205 Schoolhouse Road,,Souderton,PA,18964 2416,No,No,No,Peter D. Zavitsanos,President,2157238588,[email protected],Anthony Rozanski,"Manager, Energetic Materi",2157238588,[email protected],"General Sciences, Inc. (GSI) will demonstrate the benefits of reactive material technology to the US Army and will demonstrate the potential methods of incorporation of reactive materials into current and next generation Army munitions systems, including the SCORPION projectile, Multiple Threat Objective Projectile (MTOP), enhanced thermobaric explosives and devices, Electromagnetic Gun capabilities, Scalable Effects warheads and other areas of interest. GSI has developed a casting method to incorporate suitable reactive materials within a support matrix, creating strong, reactive structures that can replace inert mass non-parasitically and lead to an increase in lethality. GSI formulations have been incorporated into thermobaric devices, agent defeat warheads, reactive fragments, reactive projectiles, anti-land mine systems, shaped charge liners, and several other areas of interest to the DoD. GSI will supply devices and technical knowledge to the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) to increase the database of reactive materials and provide the US Army with next generation munitions payloads capable of enhanced lethality effects."
Non-Energetic Payload Technologies,HDTRA1-05-P-0112,DOD,DTRA,SBIR,2005,1,99999.00,"GENERAL SCIENCES, INC.",205 Schoolhouse Road,,Souderton,PA,18964 2416,No,No,No,Peter D. Zavitsanos,President,2157238588,[email protected],Anthony Rozanski,Principal Investigator,2157238588,[email protected],"To address the needs of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA), GSI will perform in three areas during the course of this effort. 1) GSI will evaluate a new formulation, capable of self-propagating reaction with the production of an electrically conductive aerosol, for the purpose of Intrusive Electronic Equipment Defeat. This material will be evaluated against electronic equipment (PC's) and also against dispersed Biological Agent simulants (Bt and Bg). GSI has the capability to evaluate performance against electronic targets and biological agent simulants in-house. 2) GSI will fabricate a non-hydrocarbon Black Smoke Generator (BSG) using an existing GSI formulation. The BSG will be demonstrated for DTRA at the GSI site. GSI will provide an additional device to DTRA for further demonstrations at an off-site location. 3) GSI will fabricate and demonstrate a High Temperature FireStart Device (HTFSD). GSI will show the effectiveness of this device in raising room temperature to the flashover point. GSI will utilize existing formulations for this task. General Sciences, Incorporated (GSI) has developed a formulation, which produces an electrically shunting, corrosive material from a thermally activated source, for use within a tunnel environment. This material is generated from a thermal decomposition of a material, travels as a fine mist in existing air currents as well as due to the slight overpressure developed during the reaction and then settles out on available surfaces. This residue is electrically conductive and corrosive, causing immediate failures of computers and other sensitive electronics, as well as delayed failure of ""harder"" targets, such as generators. GSI has also developed concepts involving enhanced obscurants and high temperature thermal sources, which can be used as thermal accelerants; these concepts are better suited to smaller volumes or stealth applications. The proposed effort will build on progress to date to better address threats of interest to DTRA."
BH TECHNOLOGY, LLC
1 Jodi Court, Suite 613
Wesley Hills, NY 10952
Phone: (845) 362-3316
PI: Dr. Aron Kain
Army 03-141 Awarded: 18 DEC 03
Title: Thermobaric Blast Pressure Gouges.
Abstract: BH Technology proposes a novel development of a thermobaric blast pressure transducer. The pressure transducer uses a combination of selected materials, novel electronic detection techniques, and pressure sensing devices.
YOU DO NOT EVEN READ MY POSTS fully.
I feel that if the poster can not stay focused on one topic that means they have no real evidence to support their point. Hence the reason they throw other things into the mix.
But this is just me and my way of thinking.
Originally posted by LaBTop
Does none of the few left over "debunkers" at this forum ever realize, why there is no serious rebuttal to all this
LaBTop : WTC destruction, the Leftover candidates, Pro&Contra Arguments.
Three threads of recent interest (this thread, and these two) where I felt the need to post a few details that in fact also fall under the umbrella of this thread its own title, are also a partly repository for what follows a bit further down :
Lets Agree to Put an End to the Petty 9/11 Arguments
www.abovetopsecret.com...
and
2011 Toronto 9/11 Hearings.(Full Length Video)
www.abovetopsecret.com...
Originally posted by hellobruce
Originally posted by LaBTop
Does none of the few left over "debunkers" at this forum ever realize, why there is no serious rebuttal to all this
It is just crap that has been debunked before here, you just ignore the debunking and post more crap.edit on 23-1-2013 by hellobruce because: (no reason given)
Be a truly great hero, and post links to those debunking posts, then I can make crap of it.
Originally posted by hellobruce
Originally posted by LaBTop
Does none of the few left over "debunkers" at this forum ever realize, why there is no serious rebuttal to all this
It is just crap that has been debunked before here, you just ignore the debunking and post more crap.
For example you said "I have more or less explained this already many times in all my thermobaric posts"
Except you know nothing about thermobaric bombs, you do not even understand what the name means, also your description using the "piezo electric" effect shows you just take buzz words and misuse them, without understanding them.edit on 23-1-2013 by hellobruce because: (no reason given)
Debunk case nr 1 in this huge 911-Evidence post.
The BLU-118/B is a penetrating warhead filled with an advanced thermobaric explosive that, when detonated, generates higher sustained blast pressures in confined spaces such as tunnels and underground facilities.
Originally posted by LaBTop
reply to post by samkent
We call that what you constantly practice, "making wind".
the Thermobaric Hellfire warhead, with a solid FAE surround.