I was hoping the provoke the other side of this argument to present some scientific facts. No one is too compelled to challenge this conspiracy
theory that much?! [ except for their beliefs and opinions]
Here i present both sides based on facts since the thread is lacking facts, and has some mistated, here is more info for those who might be further
intrested in persuing this.
4. The first HIV case that has been documented was long before George Bush joined the CIA, and long before the technology was available to manipulate
viruses.
Was there a capability to produce a mutant virus? Yes. Look at the the following time line. Argument made here - it was possible to modify an
existing virus [SIV] found in monkeys, either by a mutation, or other more primative methods, long before the virus first emerged.
Note, monkeys are not carriers of HIV, rather SIV, which is suggested to have
mutated during the jump from monkeys to humans.
1927 Hermann J. Muller Used x-rays to cause artificial gene mutations in Drosophila.
1928 Fred Griffith Proposed that some unknown "principle" had transformed the harmless R strain of Diplococcus to the virulent S strain.
1859 Charles Darwin Published The Origin of Species.
1900 Carl Correns Hugo de Vries Erich von Tschermak Mendel's principles were independently discovered and verified, marking the beginning of modern
genetics.
1927 Hermann J. Muller Used x-rays to cause artificial gene mutations in Drosophila.
1928 Fred Griffith Proposed that some unknown "principle" had transformed the harmless R strain of Diplococcus to the virulent S strain.
1941 George Beadle
Edward Tatum Irradiated the red bread mold, Neurospora, and proved that the gene produces its effect by regulating particular enzymes.
1951 Rosalind Franklin Obtained sharp X-ray diffraction photographs of DNA.
1953 Francis Crick
James Watson Solved the three-dimensional structure of the DNA molecule.
1958 Arthur Kornberg Purified DNA polymerase I from E. coli, the first enzyme that made DNA in a test tube.
That's about the time that the HIV emerged, first case was noted in 1959.
source
1973 Annie Chang
Stanley Cohen Showed that a recombinant DNA molecule can be maintained and replicated in E. coli.
1975 International meeting at Asilomar, California urged the adoption of guidelines regulating recombinant DNA experimentation.
1977 The first genetic engineering company (Genentech) is founded, using recombinant DNA methods to make medically important drugs
source
In the 1970s, scientists developed the fundamental techniques of genetic engineering. In the early 1970s, scientists discovered restriction enzymes.
These enzymes recognize very specific sequences of bases and cut the DNA at these sites. Scientists are able to separate a gene of interest by the use
of restriction enzymes. A few years later, scientists developed a means of transferring genes using vectors. Vectors are simply vehicles that transfer
genes from one cell to another. These developments formed the basis of the technology of genetic engineering called recombinant DNA technology, the
practice of cutting and pasting DNA in a cell. Recombinant DNA technology involves three basic steps: isolating a gene of interest, transferring the
gene into a host, and screening host cells for the transplanted gene.
source\
1981
As stated above, 1981 saw the emergence of Kaposi's Sarcoma and Pneumocystis among gay men in New York and California. However, cases started to be
seen in heterosexuals, drug addicts, and people who received blood transfusions, proving the the syndrome knew no boundaries.
1983
Researchers at the Pasteur Institute in France isolate a retrovirus that they believe is related to the out break of AIDS. Thirty-three countries
around the world have confirmed cases of the disease that was once limited to New York and California. Controversy arises a year later when the US
government announces their scientist, Dr. Robert Gallo isolates a retrovirus HTLV-III, that he too claims is responsible for AIDS. Two years later
it's confirmed that HTLV-III and the Pasteur retrovirus are indeed the same virus, yet Gallo is still credited with its discovery. An international
committee of scientists rename the virus HIV.
1984
A Canadian flight attendant, nicknamed "patient zero" dies of AIDS. Because of his sexual connection to several of the first victims of AIDS, it is
believed that he is responsible for introducing the virus into the general population. By 1984 there are almost 8000 confirmed cases in the US, with
3700 confirmed deaths (CDC surveillance report, Dec. 1984).
source
The earliest known presence of HIV in the US was in 1969 in a teenager whose cause of death involved immune deficiency.
The earliest case in Europe was in a Danish surgeon who had worked in Zaire and died in 1976.
Many scientists now believe that AIDS appears to have started in Africa. The fact that several monkey and chimpanzee species found in Africa are
infected with retroviruses that are closely related to HIV has led to the speculation that HIV arose from a simian (monkey or chimpanzee) derived
retrovirus. Several hypotheses have been put forward as possible mechanisms by which the simian-derived strain of the retrovirus, SIV (Simian
Immunodeficiency Virus), may have been introduced into humans. SIV seems to cause no illness in chimpanzees, even though humans and chimpanzees are
98% genetically similar (Altman). Mutation of the simian-derived SIV strain may then have yielded a strain not only capable of replication in human
cells but also far more pathogenic in humans.
There are several ways by which humans may have become infected by a simian retrovirus. One hypothesis believes its emergence came from human use of
monkeys. HIV-2 is very closely related to a strain of SIV found in sooty mangabees and the location of sooty mangabees in West Africa coincides with
the incidence of HIV-2. There is evidence that sooty mangabees are occasionally killed and eaten in this region. A hypothesis suggested by F. Noireau
in 1987 suggested cross-species transfer of SIV to humans might have occurred when monkey blood was applied to human genitals after pubertal
circumcision. Such practices could have eventually led to the emergence of a new strain of SIV capable of infecting humans and causing AIDS. Based on
the DNA sequences of SIV and HIV-1 and HIV-2, it appears that SIV may have given rise to HIV-2. The origin of HIV-1 is unknown but it is presumed to
have arisen from another monkey virus. It is thought that HIV may have begun to spread in Africa after the Second World War when medical personnel
began to administer antibiotics by syringe.
Or, the entrance of HIV in humans may have occurred via a polio vaccine. Early polio vaccines may have been contaminated with SIV. Introduction of the
polio vaccine into humans may then have provided a vehicle for massive cross-species transfer of SIV into humans. Dr. Jonas Salk developed the first
widely used polio vaccine in 1954. His vaccine used ultraviolet light and formaldehyde fixation to inactivate (kill) the polio virus. A live,
attenuated polio vaccine was developed by Dr. Albert Sabin, and human vaccination trials with that vaccine began in 1956. During the same period an
oral, attenuated, vaccine was also developed by Dr. Hillary Koprowski. His vaccine was the first vaccine given to a large population; in 1957 the
vaccine was administered via an oral spray to over a quarter of a million individuals in the Belgian Congo (known as Zaire and more recently as The
Republic of The Congo). In 1958, vaccination continued with 75,000 children in Leopoldville (now Kinshasa, Zaire) receiving the vaccine (Hooper).
Each of the early polio vaccines were derived from the poliovirus grown in monkeys and monkey kidney cells, unfortunately, additional monkey viruses
were also harvested. In the Salk vaccine the progress of inactivation of the polio virus by formaldehyde fixation generally inactivated many
contaminating viruses. However, one contaminant virus that was not inactivated was the retrovirus simian virus 40 (SV40; named because it was the
fortieth simian virus found contaminating the early polio vaccine).
If SIV was introduced into humans by means of the oral polio vaccine, there are still several questions about the polio vaccine being the source of
HIV-1 infection. SIV is more closely related to HIV-2 than HIV-1, but it is HIV-infection that is widespread in Zaire, not HIV-2 infection. The
earliest recorded case of AIDS was the Bantu man in 1959. If he became infected from someone in Africa in 1957 or 1958, then the man must have died
very soon after infection. HIV is far more pathogenic than SIV. How did the virus become so pathogenic in humans? There are numerous examples of
viruses of low pathogenicity having increased pathogenicity when introduced into another species. For example, canine papovavirus, a virus that causes
damage to the heart and intestinal tissues in dogs, is thought to have arisen from an attenuated cat vaccine. Although the vaccine is a weakened virus
for cats, its introduction into dogs appears to greatly increase in pathogenicity to them. Another example of increased viral pathogenicity across
species lines was observed during the development of the polio vaccine. In 1932, a polio researcher was bitten by a monkey, contracted monkey B virus
and died (Hooper). In monkeys this herpes family virus causes mild fever blisters, but in humans the virus results in paralysis and death.
source
# Visna, HIV, HTLV, SIV, BLV, and so forth are all retroviruses. They are all related.
# Visna, HIV, SIV, and others are in the lentivirus subfamily, so they are more closely related.
# HIV is closest to SIV (the "monkey virus").
source
* HIV-1 � the cause of AIDS in the Western Hemisphere and in Europe
* HIV-2 � the major cause of AIDS in Africa and Southeast Asia.
Genome sequencing of different isolates of HIV-1 and HIV-2 shows that each is related to retroviruses that occur in primates in Africa. These are
designated simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) although they do not cause immune deficiency (or any disease) in their natural host. However, on
those occasions when a SIV accidentally infects a primate of a different species, it does cause disease in the new host. The human epidemic is one
example.
* HIV-1 is most closely related to a SIV found in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes)
* HIV-2 is most closely related to a SIV that occurs in the sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys)
* HIV-1 appears to have jumped from chimpanzees to human on at least 3 separate occasions (there are three clades; M, N, and O). Except in parts
of West Africa, most human cases are caused by members of Group M.
* HIV-2 appears to have jumped from sooty magabeys to humans on at least 4 different occasions (there are 4 clades).
* How? These (and other) primates are often slaughtered for food and exposure to their blood and tissues is probably the route of transmission. In
fact the chimpanzee SIV that gave rise to HIV-1 appears to be itself the product of recombination between two monkey SIVs that infected chimpanzees.
(Chimps often eat monkeys.)
Just as with other evolutionary trees, one can also estimate from genome sequences the time of divergence of two branches. This evidence indicates
that the Group M clade of HIV-1 invaded humans sometime early in the 20th century perhaps around 1930.
But the worldwide epidemic of AIDS did not get its start until the 1980s.
What took so long? An answer to that requires an appreciation of the way in which contagious diseases spread. Their rate of spread depends on:
* The ease of transmission. The transmissibility of HIV is very low. HIV is not influenza or measles which spread like wildfire.
* The length of time the host remains contagious. Again, HIV is not like influenza or measles where the period of contagiousness is just a few
days. For HIV, it can be years.
source
interesting article:
www.uow.edu.au...
[edit on 23-10-2004 by psilocin]