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The Serotonin System and Spiritual Experiences
Jacqueline Borg, Psychol., M.Sc., Bengt Andrée, M.D., Ph.D., Henrik Soderstrom, M.D., Ph.D., and Lars Farde, M.D., Ph.D.
OBJECTIVE:
The serotonin system has long been of interest in biological models of human personality. The purpose of this positron emission tomography (PET) study was to search for relationships between serotonin 5-HT1A receptor density and personality traits.
Of Serotonin and Spirituality
Scientists see a biological underpinning for religiosity, and it is related to the neurotransmitter serotonin.
By: PT Staff
Serotonin, the brain chemical crucial to mood and motivation, also shapes personality to make you susceptible to spiritual experiences. A team of Swedish researchers has found that the presence of a receptor that regulates general serotonin activity in the brain correlates with people's capacity for transcendence, the ability to apprehend phenomena that cannot be explained objectively. Scientists have long suspected that serotonin influences spirituality because drugs known to alter serotonin such as '___' also induce mystical experiences. But now they have proof from brain scans linking the capacity for spirituality with a major biological element.
The concentration of serotonin receptors normally varies markedly among individuals. Those whose brain scans showed the most receptor activity proved on personality tests to have the strongest proclivity to spiritual acceptance.
Reporting in the American Journal of Psychiatry, the researchers see the evidence as contradicting the common belief that religious behavior is determined strictly by environmental and cultural factors. They see a biological underpinning for religiosity, and it is related to the neurotransmitter serotonin.
Psychology Today Magazine, Nov/Dec 2003
Last Reviewed 8 Jul 2008
Originally posted by wildtimes
reply to post by MagnumOpus
Extremely interesting find, Magnum!
Can you please provide the source links for these studies?
I've been taking SSRIs for 20 years, and they've helped me immensely. I've studied how they work, too, and this information makes good sense.
Thanks for posting, f/s
ajp.psychiatryonline.org...
November 01, 2003
The Serotonin System and Spiritual Experiences
Jacqueline Borg, Psychol., M.Sc.; Bengt Andrée, M.D., Ph.D.; Henrik Soderstrom, M.D., Ph.D.; Lars Farde, M.D., Ph.D.
Am J Psychiatry 2003;160:1965-1969. 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.11.1965
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov...
www.psychologytoday.com...
Of Serotonin and Spirituality
Scientists see a biological underpinning for religiosity, and it is related to the neurotransmitter serotonin.
By PT Staff, published on November 01, 2003 - last reviewed on July 08, 2008
Originally posted by micmerci
So basically, it's all in our heads? How do they account for spiritual people who do not regularly practice an organized religion?
neurotheology.50megs.com...
Iona Miller's NEUROTHEOLOGY 2008:
The Biological Basis of Spirituality;
Post-Metaphysical Spirituality
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A new study of the brain by University of Cambridge scientists explains why some people can’t tell the difference between what they saw and what they imagined or were told about — such as whether they or another person said something, or whether an event was imagined or actually occurred.
Turns out it results from a normal variation in a fold at the front of the brain called the paracingulate sulcus (PCS), the scientists said.
Who you gonna believe? Me, or your lying memory?
This brain variation is present in roughly half of the normal population. It’s one of the last structural folds to develop before birth, so it varies greatly in size between individuals in the healthy population. The researchers discovered that adults whose MRI scans indicated an absence of the PCS were significantly less accurate on memory tasks than people with a prominent PCS on at least one side of the brain.
www.beliefnet.com...
Study: Brain Chemicals Key to Spiritual Experience
Lower serotonin levels make people more open to religious practices, experiences.
BY: Frederica Saylor
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"The problem we find with a lot of the religion and health and spirituality findings and movement is the tendency to overinterpret without rightly contextualizing and being a bit more cautious about things."
Originally posted by woodwardjnr
I think you miss understand Marx's quote. Religion is the oppeate of the masses as it eases the pain and unjunstice experienced by the working class in a capitalist society. religion helps sooth the pain like an opiate.
en.wikipedia.org...
The sense in which the metaphor "opiate" is used has been interpreted in several ways, some of which may differ from the way opium is thought of today.[citation needed] At the time when Marx wrote this text, opium was legally available in some parts of the world, although there were attempts to regulate, legislate and prohibit its use, sale and production, due to the negative effects the substance had on individuals and society in general. According to McKinnon (2005), there seemed to have been five primary senses which opium could be used as a metaphor in the mid nineteenth century:
1.Opium was a keyword for widespread social conflict, particularly the First and Second Opium Wars.
2.It was the source of an important "social problem", one of the first "public health" concerns, known as "baby-doping" (giving a child opium to keep them quiet).
3.Opium was the source of fantastic visions of the "opium eaters" (De Quincey, the Romantic Poets, etc.).
4.Morphine, the principal and most widely known and widely produced opiate of the day—at the time called morphium -- has at its etymology "dream-inducer". In this sense, opium is what someone is given to induce them to experience a fantasy instead of a reality. This is related to, but distinct from, the above baby-doping usage.
5.Opium was an important medicine. It was used as a painkiller or sedative, but also for a wide range of ailments, including combatting cholera.
www.newscientist.com...
Near-death experiences may be triggered by serotonin
THE bright light at the end of the tunnel which some people close to death describe may result from a flood of serotonin in the brain.
Near-death experiences (NDEs) are reported by around 1 in 5 critically ill people, and their cause is a mystery. Alexander Wutzler's team at the Charité University of Medicine in Berlin, Germany, wondered if serotonin - a neurotransmitter involved in mood regulation and processing vision and sound - plays a role.
They gave six rats an overdose of anaesthetic and found that serotonin levels in their brains had tripled by the time they died (Neuroscience Letters, DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.04.051).
www.ncregister.com...
Long Before ‘Brainsoothing,’ God Created Serotonin
According to authors Lionel Tiger, an anthropologist, and Michael McGuire, a psychiatrist, human beings invented God long ago as a way of soothing themselves, given the troubling realization that one day they will die. Death, it seems, is too horrible to bear. In self-defense, man created God, together with the comforting thought of an afterlife and religious stories that explained life and the surrounding world.
These consoling myths release serotonin, a brain chemical that acts as a natural stress reliever. The prospect of death gives us “brainpain,” which serotonin alleviates by “brainsoothing.” Thus the brain creates God and religion, and then feeds on its creation to offer comfort. Such a stark realization, of course, should send us back to a primitive state of severe anxiety. The authors, however, do not seem to mind discrediting their readers’ only antidote to the meaninglessness of existence.
jonprins.tumblr.com...
Rutgers University evolutionary biologist Lionel Tiger thinks we can pinpoint specific chemicals, genes and clusters of neurons that give rise to religiosity: “Religion is really made by the brain. It is a secretion of the brain,” says Tiger, who thinks the root of religious belief is an evolutionary drive to seek this “secretion”—namely serotonin—which provides the believer with feelings of well-being. A neurotransmitter that regulates mood and appetite, serotonin is linked to feelings of well-being when it floods the central nervous system.
“One of the ways of looking at religion is to what extent and how does it generate the serotonergic juices that make us feel good,” says Tiger. Attending a religious service, for example, can be a flurry of social activity and controlled procedure, which releases a cocktail of serotonin-led neurotransmitters in the brain. This chemical response “soothes” the organ, he says, echoing the results of recent studies. Working with neuroscientist Michael McGuire, Tiger has connected this research on serotonin as it works in the brain with the social aspects and origins of religion.
samsnyder.com...
• The frequency of religious obsessions in OCD populations in the United States has been estimated to lie between 10 percent and approximately 30 percent. The frequency of religious obsessions in the OCD population in countries of the Middle East runs much higher, with at least half of the patient population reporting religious obsessions.
• The clinicopathological functional and structural imaging studies of OCD suggest a consistent finding: There is abnormally increased activity in orbitofrontal cortex and in subcortical basal ganglia and limbic circuits. When patients are treated with serotonin reuptake inhibitors, the functional activity in the OFC and caudate nucleus resolves toward normal.
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• Disorders of excessive DA and reduced serotoninergic functioning, such as schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder, are often associated with increases in religiosity. Antipsychotic agents that block DA actions at the level of the limbic system and agents that increase central serotonin activity result in reductions in religious ideation/behaviors and a resolution of religious delusions in these patients. Hallucinatory agents that purportedly enhance religious or mystical experiences do so by reducing central serotoninergic activity and enhancing central dopamine transmission.
Originally posted by isaac7777
So serotonin cures disease too I guess? And saves your life? And inspires you to help and feed others? Im guessing the effects of it go for 50+ years non stop too?
www.drjoecarver.com...
When Serotonin is moderately low, we have the following symptoms and behaviors:
· Chronic fatigue. Despite sleeping extra hours and naps, we remain tired. There is a sense of being “worn out”
· Sleep disturbance, typically we can’t go to sleep at night as our mind/thought is racing. Patients describe this as “My mind won’t shut up!” Early-morning awakening is also common, typically at 4:00 am, at which point returning to sleep is difficult, again due to the racing thoughts.
· Appetite disturbance is present, usually in two types. We experience a loss of appetite and subsequent weight loss or a craving for sweets and carbohydrates when the brain is trying to make more Serotonin.
I think Most Psychologists will explain that all human perceptions, both real and imagined, are in the head.
source
Hard-wired for religion
Religious people often talk about how difficult it is to have faith in God and stay on a spiritual path. They like to think of themselves as brave souls choosing the road less often taken, going against the grain of a materialist, godless, faithless culture.
Actually, there's increasing evidence that the truth is just the opposite, since the minds of human beings are hard-wired for religion. What's difficult is recognizing our instinctual propensity to believe, and choosing a course that leads in the direction of reality.
"Philosopher Bertrand Russell wrote:
"'Religion is based...mainly upon fear...fear of the mysterious, fear of defeat, fear of death. Fear is the parent of cruelty, and therefore it is no wonder if cruelty and religion have gone hand in hand.... My own view on religion is that of Lucretius. I regard it as a disease born of fear and as a source of untold misery to the human race.'"
www.users.drew.edu...
Why I Am Not A Christian
by Bertrand Russell
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That is the idea -- that we should all be wicked if we did not hold to the Christian religion. It seems to me that the people who have held to it have been for the most part extremely wicked. You find this curious fact, that the more intense has been the religion of any period and the more profound has been the dogmatic belief, the greater has been the cruelty and the worse has been the state of affairs. In the so-called ages of faith, when men really did believe the Christian religion in all its completeness, there was the Inquisition, with all its tortures; there were millions of unfortunate women burned as witches; and there was every kind of cruelty practiced upon all sorts of people in the name of religion.
You find as you look around the world that every single bit of progress in humane feeling, every improvement in the criminal law, every step toward the diminution of war, every step toward better treatment of the colored races, or every mitigation of slavery, every moral progress that there has been in the world, has been consistently opposed by the organized churches of the world. I say quite deliberately that the Christian religion, as organized in its churches, has been and still is the principal enemy of moral progress in the world.
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When you hear people in church debasing themselves and saying that they are miserable sinners, and all the rest of it, it seems contemptible and not worthy of self-respecting human beings. We ought to stand up and look the world frankly in the face. We ought to make the best we can of the world, and if it is not so good as we wish, after all it will still be better than what these others have made of it in all these ages.
A good world needs knowledge, kindliness, and courage; it does not need a regretful hankering after the past or a fettering of the free intelligence by the words uttered long ago by ignorant men. It needs a fearless outlook and a free intelligence. It needs hope for the future, not looking back all the time toward a past that is dead, which we trust will be far surpassed by the future that our intelligence can create.
home.earthlink.net...
Religion is a Mental Illness
Christians would have you believe atheists do not have as high as morals as Christians. They want you to believe they are somehow better people than atheists. Yet, the Federal Bureau of Prisons 1997 statistics show that a Christian is 50 times more likely to end up in prison than an atheist.
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Temporal Lobe Epilepsy disorder has been linked to extreme religious experiences. Patients who have TLE may have sudden and dramatic spiritual changes. There are many instances of these patients converting from agnostic or atheist beliefs to strongly active religious faiths. TLE causes abnormal electrical activity in their temporal regions and has been directly linked to these radical changes in religious belief and personality changes. Curiously, religious chanting and meditation reduce the activity of frontal lobe activity, which heightens Temporal Lobe activity. Further research in this area has uncovered that electrical stimulation of areas in the Temporal Lobe also produce these spiritual experiences. The electrical stimulation caused the control group to report feelings of "well being" euphoria and a feeling of a "presence".
Being a formal military pilot, it is amusing to hear people attribute seeing a light in a tunnel to a god when experiencing near death experiences. This is often accompanied by feelings of euphoria. Coincidently, military pilots experience the same feelings when taking oxygen deprivation training. When the brain is deprived of oxygen, the first thing that happens is all colors fade to gray. Soon after, experiences of euphoria and well being are felt. Finally, all light closes in to a pinpoint, like a light in a tunnel just before the loss of consciousness.
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It is a statistical fact that the higher your education, income, and intelligence, the more likely you are not to believe in a god. For every college student that converts to a religious belief system, 17 college students convert to secular or atheist beliefs. "Secular Humanists" have an average intelligence of 15 I.Q. points above their Christian conterparts. Studies have shown the average atheist to have an I.Q. of 9 points higher than the typical Christian.
All these factors from the stange effects of the churches being loaded up with folks with known mental disorders to the point that playing volleyball was impossible in a church environment, plus all these other essentially crazy cult disorders, plus some of the brightest minds in the world going against religion as essentially a disorder of the mind changes one's opinion of the organized church.
Originally posted by autowrench
reply to post by MagnumOpus
All these factors from the stange effects of the churches being loaded up with folks with known mental disorders to the point that playing volleyball was impossible in a church environment, plus all these other essentially crazy cult disorders, plus some of the brightest minds in the world going against religion as essentially a disorder of the mind changes one's opinion of the organized church.
I too have seen this from my own days going to church and being involved with the people there. Let's look at this from a psychological point of view for a minute:
Doesn't it take a mental illness to believe that:
A human being could live inside of a fishes belly?
That a senior citizen built a big wooden boat, and was then able to physically load every pair of animal species in his lifetime from all over the planet, and then believe they all lived like that for 40 days and nights?
To believe that a book which is jam packed with contradictions, atrocities, and absurdities is about a "Divine " "Supernatural" "Loving," "Perfect" Creator/Being?
That a person will get a free ticket to an exclusive Heavenly Paradise for eternity, just for whispering an acceptance speech to an imaginary friend to which no historical evidence exists, and not one first hand eyewitness account exists?
To believe that a peaceful, loving, and righteous person of the Judaism, Islamic, Buddhist, Hindu, Atheist, Wiccan, etc Faith/Belief will go to "Hell" just because they do not happen to share some narrow minded, and hateful views as you?
It is a mental illness indeed when people believe in talking snakes, talking donkeys and, and talking shrubbery.
And curiously, to some, if you do not believe in this tripe, you are a Satanist, and are going to Hell.
Originally posted by autowrench
reply to post by MagnumOpus
I think Most Psychologists will explain that all human perceptions, both real and imagined, are in the head.
I fully agree. In fact, I believe this to be a fact itself:
source
Hard-wired for religion
Religious people often talk about how difficult it is to have faith in God and stay on a spiritual path. They like to think of themselves as brave souls choosing the road less often taken, going against the grain of a materialist, godless, faithless culture.
Actually, there's increasing evidence that the truth is just the opposite, since the minds of human beings are hard-wired for religion. What's difficult is recognizing our instinctual propensity to believe, and choosing a course that leads in the direction of reality.
Are humans hard-wired for faith?
A faith with a God who is indifferent toward people is simple to imagine. But it's much harder to find. The Abrahamic conceptions of God include the monotheistic definition of God in Judaism, the trinitarian view of Christians, and the Islamic concept of God. All these, according to followers, interact directly with humans who worship them, these Gods speak to their follower, and are directly involved in every aspect of their lives. And furthermore, these Gods are cruel and jealous, and demand blind obedience.
Believers will say their religion reflects Divine Will: that's the way God planned it. What makes religious people think their God is the right one? What if religious people are worshipping the wrong God, or what if a God does not exist? With all the many religions, Gods, and Goddesses out there, what makes people these days think they are right, and others are wrong?
Religion is based on Faith, not on Logic. Read that Blind Faith.
Is Christianity Really Brainwashing?
articles.cnn.com...
After spending his early medical career studying how the brain works in neurological and psychiatric conditions such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, depression and anxiety, Newberg took that brain-scanning technology and turned it toward the spiritual: Franciscan nuns, Tibetan Buddhists, and Pentecostal Christians speaking in tongues. His team members at the University of Pennsylvania were surprised by what they found.
"When we think of religious and spiritual beliefs and practices, we see a tremendous similarity across practices and across traditions."
The frontal lobe, the area right behind our foreheads, helps us focus our attention in prayer and meditation.
www.cam.ac.uk...
A new study of the brain explains why some of us are better than others at remembering what really happened.
A structural variation in a part of the brain may explain why some people are better than others at distinguishing real events from those they might have imagined or been told about, researchers have found.
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The University of Cambridge scientists found that normal variation in a fold at the front of the brain called the paracingulate sulcus (or PCS) might explain why some people are better than others at accurately remembering details of previous events -such as whether they or another person said something, or whether the event was imagined or actually occurred. The research was published today, 05 October, in the Journal of Neuroscience.
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This brain variation, which is present in roughly half of the normal population, is one of the last structural folds to develop before birth and for this reason varies greatly in size between individuals in the healthy population. The researchers discovered that adults whose MRI scans indicated an absence of the PCS were significantly less accurate on memory tasks than people with a prominent PCS on at least one side of the brain. Interestingly, all participants believed that they had a good memory despite one group’s memories being clearly less reliable.
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“Additionally, this finding might tell us something about schizophrenia, in which hallucinations are often reported whereby, for example, someone hears a voice when nobody’s there. Difficulty distinguishing real from imagined information might be an explanation for such hallucinations. For example, the person might imagine the voice but misattribute it as being real. PCS reductions have been reported in previous studies of schizophrenia, and our results are consistent with the idea that this structural variability might directly influence the functional capacity of surrounding brain areas and the cognitive abilities that they support.”
www.msnbc.msn.com...
What really happened? Sharp memories tied to brain crease
There are two types of people in the world: those who remember everything exactly as it happened and those who have a tendency to muddle what’s happened with what’s imagined.
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In contrast, people with a less pronounced fold, or a non-existent one, seem to have problems distinguishing between what they actually experienced and what they might have imagined or heard about, Simons said.
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It might also have an impact on how judges and juries perceive eye-witness testimony, Simons said. You could imagine that people without the fold “might witness a crime and then talk to someone else,” he explained. “Or they might read a newspaper report about the crime and then misremember what they actually saw.”
The tricky thing about this kind of memory issue is that people generally don’t recognize they have it, Simon said. They think their memories are every bit as accurate as everyone else’s.
Perhaps one day some enterprising defense lawyer will ask for brain scans of prosecution witnesses to see if they have accurate memories.
This appears not a method that promotes high intelligence and well balanced of mind, but one that seeks the lower intelligence that can't process reality from fantasy stories.
Originally posted by wildtimes
reply to post by MagnumOpus
This appears not a method that promotes high intelligence and well balanced of mind, but one that seeks the lower intelligence that can't process reality from fantasy stories.
At the very great risk of being flamed....
thank you.