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Cranial deformation can be defined as the product of “dynamic distortion of the normal vectors of the infantile neurocranial growth through the agency of externally applied forces (Moss, 1958; p 275). It has been found in every continent and is not limited to humans (Shapiro, 1927; Trinkaus, 1982; Gerszten and Gerszten, 1995; Tubbs, Salter, and Oaks, 2006). The earliest recorded evidence of artificial cranial modification dates to 45,000 BC in Neandertal skulls from the Shanidar Cave in Iraq (see Fig. 2.1, Trinkaus, 1982).