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Suppose that a terrorist group manages to get hold of nuclear material, make a bomb and set it off in a city centre somewhere. Will the fragments that are left leave clues to who did it, or where the fissile material came from? Tests on residues from the world's first nuclear explosion suggest they might.
If someone launches a nuclear missile attack, tracking systems should quickly pinpoint where it was fired from. But if the attackers did not have access to a missile, and delivered the bomb by truck, say, its origins would be harder to trace.
Metals are traded internationally, so knowing only where material in a bomb was mined would not necessarily tell you where a tamper was built or who constructed it, warns Tom Bielefeld of Harvard University, who studies nuclear security.