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Abstract. Interactions between ionizing radiation in space and brain functions, and the related risk assessments, are among the major concerns when programming long permanence in space, especially when outside the protective shield of the Earth's magnetosphere. The light flashes (LF) observed by astronauts in space, mostly when dark adapted, are an example of these interactions; investigations in space and on the ground showed that these effects can originate with the action of ionizing radiation in the eye. Recent findings from ALTEA, an interdisciplinary and multiapproach program devoted to the study of different aspects of the radiation–brain functions interaction, are presented in this paper. These include: (i) study of radiation passing through the astronauts' eyes in the International Space Station (approx20 ions min–1, excluding H and fast and very slow He), measured in conjunction with reporting of the perception of LF; (ii) preliminary electrophysiological evidence of these events in astronauts and in patients during heavy ion therapy; and (iii) in vitro results showing the radiation driven activation of rhodopsin at the start of the phototransduction cascade in the process of vision. These results are in agreement with our previous work on mice. A brief but complete summary of the earlier works is also reported to permit a discussion of the results.
The large variability of the subjective LF reports of the astronauts seems unlikely to be entirely explained by differences in radiation kind and fluences (due to altitude, latitude and vessel shielding), providing strong hints toward the coexistence of many routes to LF generation, and for considering physiological (and psychological) parameters as important co-causes. This should be also taken into account when interpreting the low LF rate measured in ALTEA, which might be only partly explained by the better shielding of the ISS–USLab and by the possible non complete dark adaption as suggested by one of the astronauts.
Originally posted by FoosM
Fine, then you must know more about it than 'Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine'
"However, eight respondents mentioned an increase in LF rate (n = 3), intensity (n = 1), or both (n = 4) in the SAA. Three respondents thought the LF frequency increased at high latitudes and two that both the LF frequency and the intensity increased near the poles,"
So, who should I believe you or them?
Originally posted by weedwhacker
reply to post by FoosM
Ahhhh...young grasshopper....you make it so easy....
You believe that that the information provided supports each other, but if that was the case, then we wouldn't have SO MANY videos and books etc claiming Apollo as a hoax.
"SO MANY" videos and books, eh? Guess what? THEY ALL REPEAT THE SAME TIRED NONSENSE!!!
Originally posted by Tomblvd
Originally posted by FoosM
Fine, then you must know more about it than 'Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine'
"However, eight respondents mentioned an increase in LF rate (n = 3), intensity (n = 1), or both (n = 4) in the SAA. Three respondents thought the LF frequency increased at high latitudes and two that both the LF frequency and the intensity increased near the poles,"
So, who should I believe you or them?
I forgot to ask for a link to this study, or, in lieu of that, a link to the site where you got it.
Originally posted by DJW001
reply to post by FoosM
I guess you dont get it.
Those flashes the astronauts claimed to have witnessed, could have happened
in LEO. So if you can see flashes in LEO, then all the apollo astros should have had worse problems going through the belts.
No, I think you don't get it. The flashes are caused by cosmic rays, which are not affected by the magnetosphere. The frequency of the phenomenon would be about the same anywhere in space. Furthermore, recent research suggests that it may be caused by interactions with the visual cortex, not the eye:
www.abovetopsecret.com...
Naturally, the phenomenon would be most noticeable when the visual cortex was less stimulated, eg; in the dark. When the astronauts' attention was directed towards tasks in full light, they would be less prone to notice minor events of that type.
wiki
The flux (flow rate) of cosmic rays incident on the Earth’s upper atmosphere is modulated (varied) by two processes; the sun’s solar wind and
the Earth's magnetic field.
The Solar wind is expanding magnetized plasma generated by the sun, which has the effect of decelerating the incoming particles, as well as excluding some of the particles with energies below about 1 GeV. The amount of solar wind is not constant due to changes in solar activity, for instance over its regular eleven-year cycle. Hence the level of modulation varies in anticorrelation with solar activity.
*Also the Earth's magnetic field deflects some of the cosmic rays, giving rise to the observation that the intensity of cosmic radiation is dependent on latitude, longitude, and azimuth angle. *
The cosmic flux varies from eastern and western directions due to the polarity of the Earth's geomagnetic field and the positive charge dominance in primary cosmic rays. (This is called the "east-west effect"). The cosmic ray intensity at the Equator is lower than at the poles as the geomagnetic cutoff value is greatest at the equator. This is because charged particles tend to move in the direction of field lines and not across them, so that they are concentrated in the polar regions (where field lines are closest together). This is the reason the auroras occur at the poles, since the field lines curve down towards the Earth’s surface there. Finally, the longitude dependence arises from the fact that the geomagnetic dipole axis is not parallel to the Earth's rotation axis.
This modulation which describes the change in the interstellar intensities of cosmic rays as they propagate in the heliosphere is highly energy and spatial dependent, and it is described by the Parker's Transport Equation in the heliosphere. At large radial distances, far from the Sun (~94 AU), there exists the region where the solar wind undergoes a transition from supersonic to subsonic speeds called the "solar wind termination shock". The region between the termination shock and the heliopause (the boundary marking the end of the heliosphere) is called the heliosheath. This region acts as a barrier to cosmic rays, decreasing their intensity at lower energies by about 90%; thus it is not only the Earth's magnetic field that protects us from cosmic ray bombardment.
Originally posted by debunky
I've read this somewhere else, discussing the same topic but i think it's rather clever:
In 1980 I could go to London, buy a plane ticket to New York, and could get there in 4 hours!
Today, 30 years later, thats impossible.
I give you a hint: (A funny hint too, if you ask me)
Originally posted by Tomblvd
Originally posted by CHRLZ
Originally posted by FoosM
Where did I say lunar dust should billow?
Erm...
FoosM quoted, then said:
The Lunar Module's descent engine blew out high-velocity lunar particles that strafed the landscape.
You would think some of that would have hit the struts of the landing pads and would have collected in those pads.
To further support his mental picture of the dust, FoosM also quoted this (out of context, as usual):
they have determined the shape of the blowing dust clouds under the LM
And finally, he said:
Aldrin stated he saw dust being picked up some 40 feet in the air (did it billow?).
So no, he never said or implied it billowed, uh-uh, no way, not at all..
Ever notice how Foos disappears every time he gets his teeth kicked in, waits a few days, and then comes back like nothing ever happened posting completely irrelevant garbage?
That's just plain scary. At least others (like WWu and max2m) have had the decency to disappear after being made absolute fools of.
Originally posted by FoosM
Originally posted by Tomblvd
Originally posted by FoosM
Fine, then you must know more about it than 'Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine'
"However, eight respondents mentioned an increase in LF rate (n = 3), intensity (n = 1), or both (n = 4) in the SAA. Three respondents thought the LF frequency increased at high latitudes and two that both the LF frequency and the intensity increased near the poles,"
So, who should I believe you or them?
I forgot to ask for a link to this study, or, in lieu of that, a link to the site where you got it.
www.ingentaconnect.com...;jsessionid=1ayxgdtu23xyp.alexandra?pub=infobike%3a%2f%2fasma%2fasem%2f2006%2f00000077%2f00000004%2fart00 012&mimetype=text%2fhtml
search phosphenes
[edit on 9-6-2010 by FoosM]
Originally posted by FoosM
Originally posted by Tomblvd
Originally posted by CHRLZ
Originally posted by FoosM
Where did I say lunar dust should billow?
Erm...
FoosM quoted, then said:
The Lunar Module's descent engine blew out high-velocity lunar particles that strafed the landscape.
You would think some of that would have hit the struts of the landing pads and would have collected in those pads.
To further support his mental picture of the dust, FoosM also quoted this (out of context, as usual):
they have determined the shape of the blowing dust clouds under the LM
And finally, he said:
Aldrin stated he saw dust being picked up some 40 feet in the air (did it billow?).
So no, he never said or implied it billowed, uh-uh, no way, not at all..
Ever notice how Foos disappears every time he gets his teeth kicked in, waits a few days, and then comes back like nothing ever happened posting completely irrelevant garbage?
That's just plain scary. At least others (like WWu and max2m) have had the decency to disappear after being made absolute fools of.
Sorry dude, but my teeth are just fine.
If you think you somehow debunked me, or got me in a contradiction.
You didnt. You are contradicting NASA. Thats why I dont usually respond, because there is nothing to respond to. I cant tell whose side your on, NASA's or your own.
Originally posted by FoosM
www.ingentaconnect.com...;jsessionid=1ayxgdtu23xyp.alexandra?pub=infobike%3a%2f%2fasma%2fasem%2f2006%2f00000077%2f00000004%2fart00 012&mimetype=text%2fhtml
search phosphenes
[edit on 9-6-2010 by FoosM]
Introduction: It has long been known that many people in space experience sudden phosphenes, or light flashes. Although it is clear that they are related to high-energy particles in the space radiation environment, many details about them are still unknown. In an effort to gain more knowledge about the light flashes, a study was initiated to collect information from people who have recently flown in space. Method: A survey conducted by anonymous questionnaire was performed among astronauts regarding their experience of sudden light flashes in space. In all, 98 surveys were distributed to current NASA and ESA astronauts. Results: Among the 59 respondents, 47 noticed them sometime during spaceflight. Most often they were noted before sleep, and several people even thought the light flashes disturbed their sleep. The light flashes predominantly appear white, have elongated shapes, and most interestingly, often come with a sense of motion. The motion is described as sideways, diagonal, or in-out, but never in the vertical direction. Discussion: Comparisons with earlier studies of light flashes in space and several ground-based studies during the 1970s are made. One interesting observation from this is that it seems that a small fraction of the light flashes is caused by Cherenkov radiation, while the majority is probably caused by some kind of direct interaction with elements in the retina.
Originally posted by FoosM
Yes I get it, technology goes in cycles, we dont know how the pyramids were built, but we know they were built.
But the difference between the Concorde and Apollo is that the Concorde was a natural progression of air travel. We still have supersonic jets being flown today. We still have commercial travel all over the world. Its logical, that those can once more be combined for supersonic commercial travel.
Originally posted by MacAnkka
All in all,I'm getting tired of you people constantly claiming we couldn't have gone to the moon. Here's my response to that: the alternative is even more implausible! we couldn't have faked it! Please, at least try to prove me wrong.
Originally posted by zvezdar
Mate a number of us have asked for a detailed description of how you would hoax a moon landing, and the only thing the hoaxers have come up with is "oh it would be easy".
Same for Apollo literature. Most is repeated nonsense. And by that I mean the idea that we landed on the moon, and not the science behind the idea to land on the moon.
Originally posted by weedwhacker
That video is totally BUNKED!!! Has been for years and years. It is a load of crap nonsense...AND I suspect you actually are aware of that
Originally posted by ppk55
Well Buzz Aldrin seemed pretty disturbed by it in this interview when it was shown to him for the first time. This is from Jarrah's moonfaker series.
It gets real interesting @ about 3 mins in.