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The Fourth Amendment specifies that any warrant must be judicially sanctioned for a search or an arrest, in order for such a warrant to be considered reasonable. Warrants must be supported by probable cause and be limited in scope according to specific information supplied by a person (usually a law enforcement officer) who has sworn by it and is therefore accountable to the issuing court. The Fourth Amendment only applies to governmental actors. It does not guarantee a right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures conducted by private citizens or organizations.[13] The Bill of Rights originally only restricted the power of the federal government. However, in Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961), the Supreme Court ruled that the Fourth Amendment is applicable to state governments by way of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Moreover, all state constitutions contain an analogous provision.[14] The Fourth Amendment applies to criminal law, but not civil law, as affirmed by the Supreme Court in 1855 in the Murray v. Hoboken Land.[15] The jurisdiction of the federal government in the realm of criminal law was narrow, up until the late 19th century when the Interstate Commerce Act and Sherman Antitrust Act were passed. As criminal jurisdiction of the federal government expanded to include other areas such as narcotics, more questions about the Fourth Amendment came to the Supreme Court.[16] The Supreme Court ruled that some searches and seizures may violate the reasonableness requirement under the Fourth Amendment, even if a warrant is supported by probable cause and is limited in scope.[17] Conversely, the Court has approved routine warrantless seizures, for example "where there is probable cause to believe that a criminal offense has been or is being committed."[18] Thus, the reasonableness requirement and the warrant requirement are somewhat different. The reasonableness requirement applies not just to a search in combination with a seizure, but also to a search without a seizure, as well as to a seizure without a search.[19] Hence, the amendment is not limited to protecting elements of privacy or personal autonomy, but rather applies pervasively to virtually all aspects of criminal law. Nevertheless, the amendment does not replace other constitutional provisions, such as replacing the Eighth Amendment's ban on "cruel and unusual" punishment with a more sweeping ban on "unreasonable" punishment.
It does not guarantee a right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures conducted by private citizens
The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution is the part of the Bill of Rights which guards against unreasonable searches and seizures. It was ratified as a response to the abuse of the writ of assistance, which is a type of general search warrant, in the American Revolution. The amendment specifically requires search and arrest warrants be judicially sanctioned and supported by probable cause. Search and arrest should be limited in scope according to specific information supplied to the issuing court, usually by a law enforcement officer, who has sworn by it
Stop and frisk However, in certain circumstances, authorities are permitted to conduct a limited warrantless search on a level of suspicion less than probable cause. In Terry v. Ohio 392 U.S. 1 (1968), the Supreme Court decided that when a policeman "observes unusual conduct" that leads him to reasonably believe "that criminal activity may be afoot" and that the suspicious person has a weapon and is presently dangerous to the policeman or others, he may conduct a "pat-down search" (or "frisk"), to determine whether the person is in fact carrying a weapon. To conduct a frisk, the policeman must be able to point to specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant his actions.[20] A vague hunch will not do. Such a search must be temporary and questioning must be limited to the purpose of the stop (i.e., if the policeman stopped you because he had reasonable suspicion to believe that you were driving a stolen car, after confirming that it is not stolen, he cannot force you to answer questions about anything else, such as the possession of contraband).
Originally posted by Unmask The Deception
reply to post by alyosha1981
Routine contact? What about probable cause?
Frisking someone for weapons is routine contact without probable cause?
What country do you think the United States is?
I noticed this thread is an extension to "Abusive border patrol agents "im pretty sure you are a terrorist" [video]" thread.
You seem to keep ignoring the factor of what our 4th amendment rights are and "probable cause". Cooperating with an officer who gives you an unlawful order is unconstitutional. If an officer cannot provide a reason to search you (probable cause), then it is an illegal act to force a search without a warrant.
Cooperating with the cops is a good thing until they choose to violate your rights. If you don't know your rights then I can see your point of view.
Stop and frisk However, in certain circumstances, authorities are permitted to conduct a limited warrantless search on a level of suspicion less than probable cause. .
Originally posted by alyosha1981
No it's not an "extension" by any means it just relates to that topic. Probable cause can fall under officer saftey and if the officer feels the situation warrants a quick search for weapons ( for their protection) then the search can commence.,
Stop and frisk However, in certain circumstances, authorities are permitted to conduct a limited warrantless search on a level of suspicion less than probable cause. .
Stop and frisk However, in certain circumstances, authorities are permitted to conduct a limited warrantless search on a level of suspicion less than probable cause. In Terry v. Ohio 392 U.S. 1 (1968), the Supreme Court decided that when a policeman "observes unusual conduct" that leads him to reasonably believe "that criminal activity may be afoot" and that the suspicious person has a weapon and is presently dangerous to the policeman or others, he may conduct a "pat-down search" (or "frisk"), to determine whether the person is in fact carrying a weapon. To conduct a frisk, the policeman must be able to point to specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant his actions.[20] A vague hunch will not do. Such a search must be temporary and questioning must be limited to the purpose of the stop (i.e., if the policeman stopped you because he had reasonable suspicion to believe that you were driving a stolen car, after confirming that it is not stolen, he cannot force you to answer questions about anything else, such as the possession of contraband).
Originally posted by Unmask The Deception
So if I am just walking down the street, a cop can just say "hey get against the wall, I suspect you are a criminal so I need to frisk you". This is the same exact scenario that happened to the guy in the video only the individual was in a car.
Originally posted by alyosha1981
reply to post by Unmask The Deception
I have been in contact with police before and been searched, as I had nothing to hide I didn't mind and I was told why I was being searched,
being in Law enforcement myself I know all about officer saftey and the implications of it. Now had I not been cooperative then my behaivior would have warranted a more extensive approach as was the case in the other video.
I will say that you are right to defend your rights andI never said you or anybody else was not. I will continue to present cooperation as a means of reducing the amount of "police brutality" claims as well as "police harassment" claims.
Originally posted by alyosha1981
reply to post by romanmel
...cops are people too and your labelling the group as a whole is unintelligent as is is false. This is the same pretense to had of the U.S troops killing civillians, and as far as the Jews and the Nazi's goes that was specfic genocide and has no relevance to the topic at hand here.