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During the latter half of the 2000 operating season, the SWTREA began using a new formulation of liquid silver iodide seeding agent from GFS chemical company in Ohio.
Unlike the silver iodide agent in powder form from the TWMA in San Angelo, the GFS composition is delivered from the company already in liquid solution.
The concept of rain-making bacteria isn't far-fetched. Cloud seeding with silver iodide or dry ice has been done for more than 60 years.
In the wetland study areas, scientists applied several quantities of sulfate, similar to the amounts found in acid rain. The results, acquired over several years, showed that low doses of sulfate reduced methane emissions by 30 to 40 percent.
Air pollution, including acid rain, silver residue from cloud seeding, and the development of greenhouse gases, may also have a negative effect on some communities
Acidic cloud episodes were detected in January 1998 and January 2000 at Storm Peak Laboratory (SPL) in the northern Colorado Rockies.
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The parcels arriving during the episodes encountered the least precipitation during their journey to SPL suggesting little cloud and precipitation scavenging of aerosol particles. Further, much of the difference in acidity can be explained by dilution of the cloud droplets
Every raindrop has a nucleus, a tiny speck of dust at its center like the stone in a peach. The air is filled with these particles. Even on the brightest day, when the sky appears to be immaculate, it contains particles, so small that they must be magnified thousands of times to be seen.
The particles come from many sources-salt spray from the oceans, from the soil, and from vegetation. They come from factory smokestacks, automobile exhaust pipes, jet air planes. They form on their own by chemical reaction in the atmosphere. "Condensation nuclei," weathermen call them.
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The nuclei that become the hearts of raindrops can be put into the rain-bearing clouds artificially. Several things may be used. By far the best is silver iodide. When vaporized, silver iodide yields about 600,000 billion particles per gram, each a potential raindrop. (There are 450 grams in a pound.)
Contrails are clouds formed when water vapor condenses and freezes around small particles (aerosols) that exist in aircraft exhaust
During the period 1950–1954, North American Weather Consultants, an applied meteorological consulting group, conducted a number of cloud seeding programs in the Western United States. Over 50,000 hours of silver iodide generator operation were recorded
In a similar experiment, phase II employed an aircraft to release silver iodide generated by high output (silver iodide - acetone wing tip generators dispensing 900 grams of silver iodide per hour) into the "convection bands" as they approached western coastline of Santa Barbara County.
About 200 pounds of silver iodide may be enough to seed the entire atmosphere of the U.S. at the rate of 100,000 nuclei per cubic foot
About 1,900 pounds of silver iodide was scattered last year to tweak atmospheric moisture above 102,000 square miles out West - a patch of sky nearly twice the size of Iowa.
Originally posted by cutbothways
Contrails are clouds formed when water vapor condenses and freezes around small particles (aerosols) that exist in aircraft exhaust
asd-www.larc.nasa.gov...
Now, how much is being put into OUR atmosphere.
No. Acetone won’t significantly boost your mileage and could damage your engine.
Acetone is a powerful solvent that’s used as paint thinner and nail polish remover, so it’s very corrosive. That’s why many automakers specifically warn against using it.
Airborne measurements of acetone, methanol, PAN, acetonitrile (by Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry), and CO (by Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy) have been performed during the Mediterranean Intensive Oxidants Study (MINOS, August 2001).
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Our measurements suggest that the present biomass burning contributions of acetone and methanol are significantly underestimated due to the neglect of secondary formation.
Airborne measurements of acetone were performed over the tropical rainforest in Surinam (2°–7° N, 54°–58° W, 0–12 km altitude)
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The abundance of acetone appears to be influenced, but not dominated, by biomass burning, thus suggesting large emissions of acetone and/or acetone precursors, such as possibly 2-propanol, from living plants or decaying litter in the rainforest.
Originally posted by Essan
Not sure of the link with cloud seeding though, since that takes places at much, much lower altitudes - and requires there to be an existing moisture laden cloud for it to work. Both processes occur in the sky, but that's about as close as they get. Just because chalk and cheese can both be found in a supermarket doesn't they're the same thing!
. Methods like Cloud-top seeding can confuse you and make you believe that such techniques are primitive. But such methods when integrated with nano-bacteria technologies can produce devastating effects
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Cloud-top seeding is usually performed between the temperatures of -5°C and -10°C. The greatest amount of super-cooled liquid water is usually found within this range. This corresponds to an altitude range of 15,000 to 22,000 ft depending upon location. Dropping or ejecting silver iodide flares into the growing cloud turrets dispenses seeding agent. The seeding agent is placed into the super-cooled clouds where nucleation is desired, so the updrafts in these cases are relied upon only to provide a continuing source of condensate.
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Tiny particles linked to a number of painful and sometimes deadly diseases may spread across the globe by hitching a ride in clouds, claim researchers in a recent issue of the Journal of Proteome Research.
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This means artificial clouds with nano-bacteria can be created and spread in a specific region by covert human hands.
The debate would have ended there, except for a steadily increasing number of studies linking nanobacteria to serious health problems, including kidney stones, aneurysms and ovarian cancer. The studies show that nanobacteria can infect humans, a find that has helped push nanobacteria back into the limelight. Now the pressure is on to resolve the controversy and expose how nanobacteria works -- no matter what it is
Brent Christner, LSU professor of biological sciences, in partnership with colleagues in Montana and France, recently found evidence that rain-making bacteria are widely distributed in the atmosphere. These biological particles could factor heavily into the precipitation cycle, affecting climate, agricultural productivity and even global warming.
Chang and Shih now recommended the release of so-called `Welsbach particles` into the stratosphere by means of a carrying substance. `Welsbach particles` are metal oxides which convert the warmth that is prevented by the greenhouse gases from escaping from the earth’s atmosphere, into infra-red waves. These waves are then abducted into space, resulting in the desired cooling effect. The minute particles described in the patent are to be added to the fuel of the jet aircraft, so that they are expelled from the engines during the combustion process. The substances in question are mainly aluminium oxide in powder form, and barium salts which, interestingly enough, become visible in the sky as pure white strands!
The greenhouse gases layer typically extends between about seven and thirteen kilometers above the earth's surface. The seeding of the stratosphere occurs within this layer. The particles suspended in the stratosphere as a result of the seeding provide a mechanism for converting the blackbody radiation emitted by the earth at near infrared wavelengths into radiation in the visible and far infrared wavelength so that this heat energy may be reradiated out into space, thereby reducing the global warming due to the greenhouse effect.
Well read on and I’ll tell you how I blacken silver and copper.
Liver of Sulphur is a chemical you can buy from a jewelry supply vendor
Liver of sulphur is not a chemical compound but is a mixture, prepared as a brown mass by fusing sulphur and potassium carbonate.
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Note that hydrogen sulphides are also evolved which smell bad in low concentration but are poisonous in higher concentrations.
A study was undertaken to develop information and methods for control of microbial growth in jet fuel storage tanks and aircraft wing tanks, and to determine the vulnerability of other widely used AF materials to microbiological attack.
Nanocomposite particles of oxides with metals, Ag/ZnO and Fe/SiO2, were
synthesized by modified spray pyrolysis which included chemical reactions in precursor solutions and/or between the solutions and gas species. Particles of nanosized metals dispersed in the oxide matrix were obtained in both cases. The effects of the experimental conditions on the morphologies of the products were discussed in terms of the solid formation assisted by the reactions
At present, less is known about the impact of aerosols and contrail-induced cirrus changes than about the impact of gaseous emissions. Many of the emissions of aircraft engines may be reduced with more advanced technology. But what can be done against contrails and cirrus changes?
The three-days European workshop “Aviation, Aerosols, Contrails and Cirrus Clouds” (A2C3) took place in Seeheim, near Frankfurt/Main, Germany, July 10-12, 2000.
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The following three sessions were devoted to the specific workshop topics: 1) particle formation and properties; 2) contrails and cloud changes; and 3) parameters effecting aviation impact.