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The interesting thing is that when this type of clot forms it fluoresces, snake toxins were mentioned which can cause this type of clotting cascade.
While many groups have attempted to design implantable glucose sensors with boronic acids and fluorophores, (9a) few have actually monitored glucose in a live animal. One successful design used an injectable polyacrylamide hydrogel to immobilize a fluorescent boronic acid derivative and showed glucose responsiveness for up to 140 days (9e, 13) (Figure 1). Their design is both injectable and explantable, but it induced substantial inflammation and relied on UV excitation. Another design paired boronic acid derivatives with alizarin to produce glucose nanosensors that fluoresce at 570 nm and selectively respond to glucose. (14) An improved design slowed nanoparticle diffusion from the injection site by encapsulating the nanoparticles in a hydrogel matrix, prolonging their in vivo residence 3-fold.
Nanoparticles injected into tissues are also susceptible to clearance by the neutrophil extracellular trap (35) (NET), a tight network of debris that helps to link the innate and adaptive immune responses. (36) Neutrophils and mast cells contribute to the NET by releasing fibrillar matter into the extracellular space to physically trap pathogens and foreign bodies.
Silicon nanocrystals, carbon dots, and graphene quantum dots are also nanocrystalline semiconductor fluorophores that have similar optical properties as heavy-metal (e.g., CdSe) quantum dots. Depending on fabrication conditions and excitation wavelengths, they can have long fluorescent lifetimes (>1 μs) and size-dependent optical properties.