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Astronomers have detected one of the most powerful cosmic rays ever observed - and it was beamed at Earth from a mysterious part of deep space.
The cosmic phenomenon carried the energy of 240 quintillion electron volts - that's 240 billion billion (followed by 18 zeros).
For comparison, a typical lightning bolt is about 300 million volts.
The cosmic ray – named Amaterasu, after the sun goddess in Japanese mythology - was detected by a telescope system in Utah in May 2021 by scientists who described it as 'unprecedented' in modern times.
As well as being one of the most powerful cosmic rays ever observed, Amaterasu may have originated from an invisible corridor, or 'void... in the universe'.
This mysterious event appeared to emerge from the Local Void, an empty area of space bordering the Milky Way galaxy.
The experts suggest this could indicate a much larger magnetic deflection than predicted, an unidentified source in the Local Void, or an incomplete understanding of high-energy particle physics.
They are frequently detected by instruments on earth and are commonly the result of solar flares or explosions on the sun.
But scientists say Amaterasu could only have been borne out of the most powerful of celestial events – much bigger than a star explosion.
Professor Toshihiro Fujii of Osaka Metropolitan University in Japan, who observed the phenomenon captured by the Telescope Array experiment in Utah.
He said: 'When I first discovered this ultra-high-energy cosmic ray, I thought there must have been a mistake, as it showed an energy level unprecedented in the last three decades.
'No promising astronomical object matching the direction from which the cosmic ray arrived has been identified, suggesting possibilities of unknown astronomical phenomena and novel physical origins beyond the Standard Model.'
John Matthews, a research professor at University of Utah's department of physics and astronomy in the US, said: 'Things that people think of as energetic, like supernova, are nowhere near energetic enough for this.
'You need huge amounts of energy, really high magnetic fields to confine the particle while it gets accelerated.'
At 240 quintillion electron volts (EeV), Amaterasu particle has an energy second only to the Oh-My-God particle, another ultra-high-energy cosmic ray which was detected in 1991, possessing 320 EeV of energy.
“These events seem like they’re coming from completely different places in the sky. It’s not like there’s one mysterious source,” said John Belz, professor at the U and co-author of the study. “It could be defects in the structure of spacetime, colliding cosmic strings. I mean, I’m just spit-balling crazy ideas that people are coming up with because there’s not a conventional explanation.”
Telescope Array detects second highest-energy cosmic ray ever
LISA POTTER - RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS SPECIALIST, UNIVERSITY OF UTAH COMMUNICATIONS
In 1991, the University of Utah Fly’s Eye experiment detected the highest-energy cosmic ray ever observed. Later dubbed the Oh-My-God particle, the cosmic ray’s energy shocked astrophysicists. Nothing in our galaxy had the power to produce it, and the particle had more energy than was theoretically possible for cosmic rays traveling to Earth from other galaxies. Simply put, the particle should not exist.
The Telescope Array has since observed more than 30 ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, though none approaching the Oh-My-God-level energy. No observations have yet revealed their origin or how they are able to travel to the Earth.
On May 27, 2021, the Telescope Array experiment detected the second-highest extreme-energy cosmic ray. At 2.4 x 1020eV, the energy of this single subatomic particle is equivalent to dropping a brick on your toe from waist height. Led by the University of Utah (the U) and the University of Tokyo, the Telescope Array consists of 507 surface detector stations arranged in a square grid that covers 700 km2 (~270 miles2) outside of Delta, Utah in the state’s West Desert. The event triggered 23 detectors at the north-west region of the Telescope Array, splashing across 48 km2 (18.5 mi2). Its arrival direction appeared to be from the Local Void, an empty area of space bordering the Milky Way galaxy.
“The particles are so high energy, they shouldn’t be affected by galactic and extra-galactic magnetic fields. You should be able to point to where they come from in the sky,” said John Matthews, Telescope Array co-spokesperson at the U and co-author of the study. “But in the case of the Oh-My-God particle and this new particle, you trace its trajectory to its source and there’s nothing high energy enough to have produced it. That’s the mystery of this—what the heck is going on?”
The bigger and emptier the void, the weaker its gravity, and the faster the dwarf should be fleeing the void towards concentrations of matter, yet discrepancies give room for competing theories.Dark energy has been suggested as one alternative explanation for the speedy expulsion of the dwarf galaxy.
originally posted by: Shoshanna
So they might be admitting they don't have a very good understanding of particle physics. They might not know how things work.