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originally posted by: samkent
a reply to: bloodymarvelous
When a structure fails due to gradually increasing stress, it isn't usually going to fail completely in an instant. Go from not falling to immediately falling at free fall speed.
Why do you keep ignoring the tower falling through first?
That's like saying Hiroshima had a mysterious explosion and ignoring the plane.
originally posted by: mrthumpy
originally posted by: bloodymarvelous
When a structure fails due to gradually increasing stress
What gradually increasing stress are we talking about here?
originally posted by: neutronflux
originally posted by: thunderfoot
a reply to: bob234arley
Everyone sees that the Grenfell tower not fall down, this is pure proof that WTC 7 was controlled demos. Now none of you can ever deny it anymore. There needs to be new investigation NOW>
Whole lawsuit, Aegis insurance vs WTC 7 Owners, which engineers backed with technical documents and testimony the NIST WTC 7 conclusions.
Like to debate the technicalities of the case to discredit a fire that lead to a series of failures which resulted in collapse? Or just go off innuendo and no evidence?
originally posted by: bloodymarvelous
originally posted by: neutronflux
originally posted by: thunderfoot
a reply to: bob234arley
Everyone sees that the Grenfell tower not fall down, this is pure proof that WTC 7 was controlled demos. Now none of you can ever deny it anymore. There needs to be new investigation NOW>
Whole lawsuit, Aegis insurance vs WTC 7 Owners, which engineers backed with technical documents and testimony the NIST WTC 7 conclusions.
Like to debate the technicalities of the case to discredit a fire that lead to a series of failures which resulted in collapse? Or just go off innuendo and no evidence?
Lawsuits only require 51% certainty for either side to win.
You're confusing the fact experts testified with an insistence that they therefore had lots of evidence to go on.
That's like assuming in a normal trial that if the police forensic expert testifies, that therefore the state must have damning evidence. Instead of looking at what the forensic expert actually has to say.
Most likely the reason the case turned out as it did is because neither side could say for sure what happened, but collapse due to terrorist attack appeared most likely given the FBI finding Korans in the car of the 19 terrorists. NOT because of anything the engineers had to say.
originally posted by: neutronflux
originally posted by: bloodymarvelous
originally posted by: neutronflux
originally posted by: thunderfoot
a reply to: bob234arley
Everyone sees that the Grenfell tower not fall down, this is pure proof that WTC 7 was controlled demos. Now none of you can ever deny it anymore. There needs to be new investigation NOW>
Whole lawsuit, Aegis insurance vs WTC 7 Owners, which engineers backed with technical documents and testimony the NIST WTC 7 conclusions.
Like to debate the technicalities of the case to discredit a fire that lead to a series of failures which resulted in collapse? Or just go off innuendo and no evidence?
Lawsuits only require 51% certainty for either side to win.
You're confusing the fact experts testified with an insistence that they therefore had lots of evidence to go on.
That's like assuming in a normal trial that if the police forensic expert testifies, that therefore the state must have damning evidence. Instead of looking at what the forensic expert actually has to say.
Most likely the reason the case turned out as it did is because neither side could say for sure what happened, but collapse due to terrorist attack appeared most likely given the FBI finding Korans in the car of the 19 terrorists. NOT because of anything the engineers had to say.
Sorry, the suit was by Aegis insurance to get out of paying the claim for WTC 7. They claimed neglect by WTC 7 owners. If there was any evidence the owners imploded their own building, Aegis lawyers would have been all over the sabotage narrative.
Sorry, both sides gave proof and support to the NIST conclusions. Court submitted technical documents and testimony. All in support of NIST peer reviewed conclusions.
Are you saying WTC 1 and 2 were fire root cause initiated collapse, but not WTC 7.
How did the government and private owners conspire with each other? Why would the government include WTC 7 owners? Cover for WTC 7? Firefighters knew about WTC 7, but were lead like sheep to a slaughter at WTC 1 and 2?
Where was the magical remote control station to initiate collapse for 3 Buildings? Who had the control for the three buildings.
Again, the outer vertical columns only had to bow in enough to transfer the load of the upper structure off the foundation to critical points in the bends to cause sudden failure.
The reports as follows:
Analysis of the Impact of a Fire in the Mechanical Room (5th & 6th Floor) of the World Trade Center 7 Building by Jose Torero.
World Trade Center 7 by Joseph P. Colaco (same file as above)
Response of WTC7 to Standard Office Fires and Collapse Initiation by Colin Bailey
Expert Report by Frederick Mowrer
Report and Summary of Findings: Global Collapse Analysis, World Trade Center 7 Investigation by Guy Nordenson (Report 1, Report 2)
I, Colin G. Bailey, declare:
1. I have been a practicing structural engineer for 22 years and I am presently a Professor of Structural Engineering at Manchester University in Manchester, England.
2. Among my specialties are the fire safety engineering of structures and steel-concrete composite systems. I am a Fellow of the Institution of Civil Engineers (FICE), a member of the Institution of Structural Engineers (MIStructE), and a member of the Institution of Fire Engineers (MIFireE). My curriculum vita is attached hereto as Exhibit A.
3. In 2007, I was retained by counsel for Plaintiffs in this case to provide expert analysis with respect to the cause of the global collapse of World Trade Center 7 on September 11, 2001.
4. Since that time, I have reviewed thousands of documents, drawings, and photographs, and actively participated in and reviewed the computer fire modeling performed on behalf of the Plaintiffs in this case.
The opinions that follow are based on that review and activity, and are made to a reasonable degree of scientific probability. These opinions and the data and materials relied upon in forming these opinions are more fully set forth in my report dated February 15, 2010, attached hereto as Exhibit D and made a part hereof.
Based on my work to date, including computer modeling at the University of Edinburgh in which many columns were removed in the model to see the effect on the structure of the building, it is my opinion that any structural damage caused by debris from the collapse of WTC 1 or WTC2 played no part in the collapse of 7WTC.
Based on my work to date, including computer models by the University of Edinburgh, it is my opinion that if there had been a diesel fuel fire on September 11 involving between 7,350 and 9,300 gallons of diesel fuel on the fifth floor of 7WTC in the area of the transfer trusses, such a fire would have compromised the strength of the transfer trusses, and could have caused them to fail, resulting in the collapse of columns 79 and/or 80.
The computer modeling completed to date supports the conclusion that 7WTC would have collapsed as a result of typical office contents fires because of several design/construction failures, including the failure to adequately fireproof the flutes of the metal floor decking for 7WTC and the failure to ensure that a restrained floor system was constructed.
When a steel beam supports a composite deck, comprising a fluted (trapezoidal shaped) steel deck, concrete and mesh reinforcement, a cavity (or void) is formed between the top flange of the beam and the fluted deck. For fluted decks, such as those used on 7WTC, this cavity (or void) is large. Leaving the cavities between the fluted deck and top flange of the beam unfilled or inadequately filled with fire protection material results in:
a. an increase in temperature of the top flange and web; b. an increase in temperature of the shear studs;
c. reduction in load capacity of beams during a fire; and d. reduction in overall fire resistance.
In the
following statement: “Cavities, if any, between the upper beam flange and floor or roof units shall be filled with the fire protection material applied to the beam, unless stated otherwise on an individual design.”
UL Fire Resistance Directory for 1983 and 1985 the need to fill the voids is covered by the upper beam flange and floor or roof units shall be filled with the fire protection material applied to the beam, unless stated otherwise on an individual design.”
10. The photographic evidence shows that the cavities were either not filled with fire protection at all, or were so inadequately filled as to have been unfilled for all practical purposes. See Exhibit A. An example of flutes in the process of being filled with fire protection on a different building is shown in Exhibit B. Exhibit C, which appears in the American Institute of Steel Construction Design Guide, shows another example where the flutes have been filled with fire protection.1 Failure to construct the building with adequate fire protection by filling the voids reduced the fire resistance below building code requirements.
11. The structural fire protection was specified by the 7WTC architect based on a restrained system. However, the main girder from Column 79 to 44 was not designed and constructed as restrained. The girder did not have a sufficient number of shear studs2 and the connections were not constructed to allow the adequate transfer of thermal thrusts to the supports as specified in the UL Fire Resistance Directory for 1983 and 1985. Specifying a level of fire protection based on restrained systems to a constructed unrestrained system resulted in a reduction of fire resistance for 7WTC.
12. The combination of very large floor bays, transfer trusses, cantilevered girders and unusual angles at which beams, girders and columns joined created a building that required careful examination and construction to ensure structural integrity. Such an examination and construction would include, but not necessarily be limited to:
i. Design and construction of connections to allow adequate tying;
ii. Design and construction of the building such that removal of one structural element,
either a beam, column or truss, would not result in global collapse;
iii. Increasing the normal factor-of-safety against failure, through design and construction, of any structural member within a building which, if it failed, would
lead to global collapse.
13. Inadequate consideration was given to the structural integrity of 7WTC, despite the structural issues listed above. Construction of 7WTC without regard for its structural integrity was the cause of the global collapse of WTC 7 on September 11, 2001.
14. Because of the building’s lack of structural integrity, an initial localized failure at column 79 precipitated a global collapse of the building.
15. Constructing the building with adequate structural integrity could have been achieved at a cost insignificant in relation to the total cost of construction of the building.
I declare under penalty of perjury that the foregoing statements made by me are true.
COLIN G. BAILEY
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This volume is a compilation of the currently available images taken on 11 September 2001 of World Trade Center 7. These images were all taken after the collapse of World Trade Center 1 but before the collapse of World Trade Center 7. Only images that show discernible debris impact or fire-related damage to the building have been included. The damage apparent in each photograph has been catalogued according to its type and location on the building (see Appendix 1A - Photographic Damage Index). The categories of type are as follows: broken window, debris damage, debris damage and broken window, gash, smoke, broken window with internal fire, broken window with external fire, and burned-out. This database of damage makes it possible to discern the patterns of fire and debris damage present on the building in order to give a comprehensive view of the building before its collapse.
This volume also attempts to create a timeline of events based upon these photographs. Many of the images were included in the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s Structural Fire Response and Probable Collapse Sequence of World Trade Center Building 7. Within this document NIST delineated either precise times or a range of times for each of the images. Also, approximately 28 image files contain metadata with timestamp information. These images afforded an overall timeline into which the remaining untimed photographs could be inserted based upon locations of fires, smoke, and burned-out windows in relation to the NIST and metadata images. These times are understood to be approximate and subject to the accuracy of NIST’s timing along with the limitations of the individual photographs’ quality and scope.
In order to provide an overview of how fires behaved during the period between WTC1’s collapse and WTC7’s collapse, this volume has been divided into hourly increments. Each of the volume’s sections approximately represents an hour of the day. Within each section are diagrams of the four façade elevations that demonstrate how fires changed throughout the day across the entire building. When there was evidence of changes to the fire within a particular hourly increment, detail elevation diagrams
and corresponding images are included as well. These sequences of detail elevations illustrate how each fire moved on a given façade during that hour. In addition to diagrams, the photographic evidence pertaining to the hour is also contained within the section. This assemblage allows each section to comprise all the information available for an increment of time.
The information contained within this volume has been constructed based upon the photographs and corresponding times currently available and is subject to change in the event additional information is obtained.
originally posted by: neutronflux
a reply to: bloodymarvelous
Again, the critical point at the bows has been explained over and over to you with no credible rebuttal. The slow progression to collapse was the vertical columns being pulled in and bowed. Once enough load was transferred off the foundation to the bow in the vertical columns to the bend in the columns, they buckled.
There is no video supporting the core of the towers ware cut, and the core was dropped to induce buckling. No physical evidence.
Can you cited and provide a rebuttal to the expert testimony at the Aegis lawsuit?
www.metabunk.org...
From the poster: benthamitemetric
Based on my work to date, including computer models by the University of Edinburgh, it is my opinion that if there had been a diesel fuel fire on September 11 involving between 7,350 and 9,300 gallons of diesel fuel on the fifth floor of 7WTC in the area of the transfer trusses, such a fire would have compromised the strength of the transfer trusses, and could have caused them to fail, resulting in the collapse of columns 79 and/or 80.
19. Did fuel oil systems in WTC 7 contribute to its collapse?
No. The building had three separate emergency power systems, all of which ran on diesel fuel. The worst-case scenarios associated with fires being fed by ruptured fuel lines—or from fuel stored in day tanks on the lower floors—could not have been sustained long enough, could not have generated sufficient heat to weaken critical interior columns, and/or would have produced large amounts of visible smoke from the lower floors, which were not observed.
As background information, the three systems contained two 12,000-gallon fuel tanks, and two 6,000-gallon tanks beneath the building's loading docks, and a single 6,000-gallon tank on the 1st floor. In addition, one system used a 275-gallon tank on the 5th floor, a 275-gallon tank on the 8th floor, and a 50-gallon tank on the 9th floor. Another system used a 275-gallon day tank on the 7th floor.
Several months after the WTC 7 collapse, a contractor recovered an estimated 23,000 gallons of fuel from these tanks. NIST estimated that the unaccounted fuel totaled 1,000 ± 1,000 gallons of fuel (in other words, somewhere between 0 and 2,000 gallons, with approximately 1,000 gallons as the most likely figure).
The fate of the fuel in the day tanks and the two 6,000-gallon tanks was unknown, so NIST assumed they were full on Sept. 11, 2001.
originally posted by: bloodymarvelous
originally posted by: mrthumpy
originally posted by: bloodymarvelous
When a structure fails due to gradually increasing stress
What gradually increasing stress are we talking about here?
I'm counting the heating of the pillars as "stress". As they got hotter and hotter, they gradually lost strength.
For them to fail instantly, they would need to suddenly increase in temperature by quite a lot. (Hence the theory that thermite could account for the suddenness here).
Or by some means their strength would have to jump quickly from "strong enough" to "much weaker than strong enough".
If they go from "just barely strong enough" to "just barely not strong enough", they will still be padding the collapse at that point.
originally posted by: Salander
a reply to: mrthumpy
That instant fail scenario you describe must also account for the lateral displacement of numerous large structural pieces.
It cannot and does not account for that.
originally posted by: Salander
a reply to: mrthumpy
That instant fail scenario you describe must also account for the lateral displacement of numerous large structural pieces.
It cannot and does not account for that.
originally posted by: Salander
a reply to: mrthumpy
That instant fail scenario you describe must also account for the lateral displacement of numerous large structural pieces.
It cannot and does not account for that.
Well, that seems to contradict the "fell in its own footprint" claim that was just another non-starter by the "truth" movement.
Seems another opinion of yours that you are calling fact, sigh...
The fact is, WTC 7 fell in it's own foot print