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Agartha
I was going to say Darwin too, but there is a hidden gem that paved the way for modern science:
"Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica" by Isaac Newton, a true genius. Space travel could have never happened without his findings.
the2ofusr1
Tragedy And Hope, subtitled "A History Of The World In Our Time" is an epic and scholarly work of history written by Carroll Quigley. The book covers the period of roughly 1880 to 1963 and is multidisciplinary in nature though perhaps focusing on the economic problems brought about by the First World War and the impact these had on subsequent events. While global in scope, the book focusses on Western civilization, because Quigley has more familiarity with the West. en.wikipedia.org...
Civilizations tend to evolve through a sequence of phases as follows:
1.Mixture
2. Gestation
3. Expansion
4. Conflict
5. Universal Empire
6. Decay
7. Invasion
MOMof3
The Diary of Anne Frank.
Reminds us of the evil that can take over a whole nation because of war, poverty, then more war.
ChaoticOrder
Good idea for a thread... but there are so many choices it's impossible to say which is the best. If we could nominate research papers I'd say the Bitcoin white paper. Otherwise "A Universe from Nothing" by Lawrence M. Krauss is fairly impressive. As for old books, Euclid's Elements is right up there with the best. Edit: although it's more than 471 years old.
Thomas Kuhn performed a signal service for historiography of science by studying how new ideas and new ways of thinking displace the old. He invented the term 'paradigm shift' to describe what happens when 'normal science' runs into 'anomalies' and enters a 'crisis', which in turn leads to a 'scientific revolution'. Nobody had heard of such things before, so Kuhn had a scoop. He sketched some historical examples in iconoclastic style; the result is this short book, first published forty years ago and still wowing Cultural Studies students today.
Before Kuhn, we were taught in school that scientific progress was linear, that it was an unending progression of refinements and developments, with one "truth" leading to the next "truth." Kuhn's insights including pointing out that such a linear progression was mostly a lie. His thesis was that the major developments in science were mostly revolutionary. That some "truths" turned out to be false. Astronomy was revolutionized by Galielo and Copernicus, and man was divested from the center of the universe. Physics was revolutionized by Newton. Biology and Darwin. It didn't hurt that plate tectonics came along shortly after Kuhn published, and Kuhn looked like his model was predictive, too.
My favorite aspect of this book is how Kuhn describes people's blind resistance to new ideas and technology, even if it is something that will ultimately benefit mankind. In a moment of dark truth, Kuhn states that in many cases it is not a matter of convincing those who already established, but rather convincing the next generation and simply waiting for the current one to die off. It's both a guide to understanding how to really effect change in a world of stubborn thought, as well as a detailed history of innovations and the process required to make them mainstream. In its scathing criticism of the scientific establishment, it unveils how much further we could be if we did in fact adopt a linear structure for improving technology.
Coagula
Gaia: A New Look at Life on Earth
Many scientists in particular also criticised the approach taken in his popular book Gaia, a New Look at Life on Earth for being teleological -- a belief that things are by purpose aimed towards a goal. Responding to this critique in 1990, Lovelock stated, "Nowhere in our writings do we express the idea that planetary self-regulation is purposeful, or involves foresight or planning by the biota".
wikipedia Gaia hypothesis
the Bitcoin white paper could turn out to be very important, but isn't it too soon to tell?
As to Euclid's Elements... that would be in the top 3, in my opinion, most important works of all-time.
Here is my choice.
MOMof3
Reminds us of the evil that can take over a whole nation because of war, poverty, then more war.
rivalMy favorite book is Animal Farm. I know it's low-brow but I'm more into
the human condition than science and it describes our struggle to cope
with our animal instinct vs our human intellect in such a cool way...love that book